This is one of, if not the longest lasting infant carrier out there currently.
When it's actually outgrown depends on the individual baby, but most people want to size up before the seat is actually outgrown, because after you get to a certain weight the seat gets really unwieldy to carry around. I do think that this one is better than some others for that though because of the rotating base - you can just keep it in the car and rotate it, while retaining the option to carry the whole seat with the baby/toddler in it. It's just that their legs hang out of the end and it gets very heavy when you have 5kg of car seat plus 10kg+ of baby. It's not too bad if you have a compatible pushchair and you only have to click it onto the frame.
The other reason people change to the next stage of car seat is because the baby ones are very reclined and sit quite low down in the car, and once babies can sit up confidently on their own they tend to be a bit fed up with being so low down and in a reclined position.
That's not to say you can't use it up to 2 years or longer, because if a 2yo can physically fit into it (and some 2yos at least on the younger end would) then it's perfectly safe and at that age they wouldn't necessarily know what they are missing. I did use an infant carrier up to 18m with my first baby.
Looking at comments in the car seat FB groups, most people seem to find this seat lasts to about 18-24 months.
This is an older version, but the current one is v similar at least in size, showing a 17mo toddler in it - this isn't the highest position for the headrest either.
https://www.madeformums.com/reviews/cybex-cloud-z-i-size-car-seat-review/