This part is also interesting as a summary:
Performance Advantage:
o Consistent with the functional effects of higher circulating testosterone levels, Males have larger and stronger skeletal muscle and bone, larger and stronger hearts, larger lung size, more red blood cells, and lower body fat than Females trained to the equivalent level.
Together these attributes afford Males individual sex-based performance advantages in sports and events that rely on strength, power and/or endurance.
o Female athletes experience performance disadvantages relative to Males, associated with Female anatomy and physiology, that contribute to overall Male performance advantage in sports and events that rely on strength, power and/or endurance. These disadvantages may include, for example, the menstrual cycle, gestation and anatomical differences such as periodic ligament laxity (looseness), wider hips and more breast tissue.
o XY Transgender athletes and athletes with certain XY differences/disorders in sex development (DSD) (as defined in Schedule 1) have anatomical and physiological advantages in line with being Male even as their legal sex, the manner in which they were raised, and/or their gender identity may vary. XY transgender athletes and athletes with XY-DSD typically have testes/testicles and testosterone levels in the Male range. The clear majority are androgen-sensitive, meaning that their bodies are receptive to and make use
of that testosterone during growth and development and throughout their athletic career.
o Androgen-sensitive XY-DSD and XY Transgender athletes retain Male performance advantage due in part to training effects and fixed traits. There is no current evidence that testosterone suppression or gender-affirming hormone treatment eliminates this advantage.
o XY-DSD athletes with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS) (defined in Schedule 1) and other rare XY DSDs that do not benefit from the anabolic and/or performance-enhancing effects of testosterone should, on that basis, be included in the Female Category.
• Magnitude of Advantage: At the elite level, the magnitude of the Male performance advantage is different depending on the sport or event:
o There is a 10-12 per cent Male performance advantage in most running and swimming events.
o There is a 20+ per cent Male performance advantage in most throwing and jumping events.
o The Male performance advantage can be greater than 100 per cent in events that involve explosive power, e.g. in collision, lifting and punching sports.
• Variation in Advantage: The extent of the performance advantage (and its implications) varies across sports and events and from occasion to occasion, depending on the athletes involved.
• Safety risks: In contact sports (e.g., individual and team combat, collision, projectile sports), the strength and power differential between Males and Females increases safety risks to Female athletes.