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Feminism: Sex and gender discussions

The Cinderella Effect - does it have implications for couples using sperm donor?

39 replies

Carla786 · 02/12/2025 17:53

I know this is a very sensitive issue, and I don't want to upset anyone. But I think it needs to be discussed.

The Cinderella Effect was coined by a husband and wife research team in the 1970s, and while some studies have questioned it since, it does seem to still be widely accepted as at least somewhat accurate.

Essentially, it means that all things being equal, a stepfather is more likely to abuse a child than a biological father.

I came across this in the recent MN discussions about the Australia nursery abuse cases. Some were arguing that surrogacy is linked to this, as a man in a gay couple can get a baby via surrogacy who he may not be related to, with none of the checks adoption necessitates. A single man doing this is also worrying, though in that case they would probably be related.

Thinking about this, I saw that the Cinderella Effect has been discussed in relation to both adoption (straight and gay male) and gay male couples in general and found to be negligible according to results. Clearly they are all in a different situation from a stepfather.

However, one situation I can find no discussion of is sperm donation. I am uneasy about this.

A straight couple who use a sperm donor are raising a child who is not related biologically to the father, and unlike adoption, there are no checks. It is theorised that the Cinderella Effect is partly because men evolved to be suspicious of paternity, so a child from a previous relationship is under threat (adoption or a gay male couple would be different for that element as the issue of a woman having had a child with a previous partner wouldn't apply). I'm not sure how- if at all- this would apply to a straight couple using a sperm donor.

It's also fair to say that antisocial men may prey on single women so that could be another reason for the Cinderella Effect which would not apply.

One thing that makes me uneasy is the general lack of ethics that fertility clinics have displayed. The disastrous anonymous donation policy. The IVF clinics which falseh told lesbian couples reciprocal IVF was safe with clinic-run studies (a study thus year has shown it's not : like surrogacy, it involves an unrelated egg being carried, so carries the same risks).

I'm not saying the Cinderella Effect automatically applies to straight couples who use sperm donors. But I do think it's a question that should be asked.

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Carla786 · 02/12/2025 20:23

Looking up the effect of the stepfather caring from infancy, this does seem to mitigate the effect but not reduce it wholly.

Really there needs to be more studies, a lot of the current ones seem flawed.

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Carla786 · 02/12/2025 20:21

Burntt · 02/12/2025 20:06

I honestly believe the differences with step parents documented as more risk than biological fathers is due to the records and systems we work within.

I just commented with a bit of my reasoning due to having a violent ex. I’ve been in loads of support groups and the freedom program etc and I must say I’m not surprised. Horrible violent dangerous men get contact with their kids all the time. If we were accurately recording what they were doing they would not be getting such dangerous levels of contact. The whole system is too fucked for us to trust any data that comes out of it

Thank you for these extra posts, they gave me a lot to think over.

I'll reply in more detail soon, I need to finish something...

To Burntt, I'll add that hour instincts seem backed up by evidence. There's evidence abuse by stepfathers is more likely to be recorded..

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1492%26context%3Dallfaculty-peerpub&ved=2ahUKEwiKxbap3J-RAxUUbEEAHYzBG10QFnoECCcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0ZVBe7UQeX0pxO_vFTLmlx

I'm really sorry you went through that. 🫂 My family has experience of reporting DV & the system is definitely very screwed up...I hope it will improve soon...

https://www.google.com/url?opi=89978449&rct=j&sa=t&source=web&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhuskiecommons.lib.niu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1492%26context%3Dallfaculty-peerpub&usg=AOvVaw0ZVBe7UQeX0pxO_vFTLmlx&ved=2ahUKEwiKxbap3J-RAxUUbEEAHYzBG10QFnoECCcQAQ

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Burntt · 02/12/2025 20:06

Carla786 · 02/12/2025 19:43

However, on the thread topic of Cinderella Effect from non biological fathers...I respect that you saw no difference.

But a lot of studies do seem to bear this out about stepfathers, although there have also been some challenges. It's true that the stepfather factors might be social rather than purely Cinderella Effect, and might not apply to sperm donor straight couples, but I still think the question should be asked.

The theory is somewhat evopsych in that it argues that male animals like tigers, lions, and chimps all are known to kill a female's young from a previous relationship to then bring them into the reproductive phase again, and that Cinderella Effect is in line with this. Evopsych can be often overstated though. Humans don't have oestrus cycles, for one. Moreover, male infertility doesn't apply to the nature scenarios.

I honestly believe the differences with step parents documented as more risk than biological fathers is due to the records and systems we work within.

I just commented with a bit of my reasoning due to having a violent ex. I’ve been in loads of support groups and the freedom program etc and I must say I’m not surprised. Horrible violent dangerous men get contact with their kids all the time. If we were accurately recording what they were doing they would not be getting such dangerous levels of contact. The whole system is too fucked for us to trust any data that comes out of it

Hedgehogsrightsarehumanrights · 02/12/2025 20:03

I was trying to avoid mention of lions and such like the difference we have with our fellow mammals is our very complex societal structures and our ability to intellectually override primitive base instincts. I speak of males in regard of that, as women’s basic instincts still serve us well where they have not been corrupted by patriarchy.

i agree with the option of gay and lesbians procreating in mutually shared parenting relationships, it was a thing, back in the 80’s and nighties.

Burntt · 02/12/2025 20:00

I wonder if we would need to define the different types of abuse for the answers to these questions to have more value?

I googled Cinderella effect and google just says abuse and mistreatment this could be physical verbal or sexual and while they often co occur they are different and the risk factors for them differ. I was aware that having a step father is one of the risk factors for being sexually abused. There is evidence if they took on a child rearing role to a baby then step fathers sexually abuse at similar rates to biological fathers as do step fathers to late teens. So I imagine raising a donar conceived child from birth will have the same affect on the data and bring sexual abuse rates in line with ‘normal’ father offending patterns.

I also think there is an element of violent men are just violent men. I left my ex because he was violent. If he becomes a step father I have no doubt he will be violet to that child too. The difference being that mother will have legal recourse to keep him from the child as he does not have PR and the records will reflect what happened. Myself and multiple other people have made referrals about my violent ex and he’s never faced a consequence even when admitting to hurting the child in family court he was excused because I’m apparently so hard to live with it’s understandable he would be driven to hurt his child. Abusive fathers more often than not get contact with their kids in our family court and it’s recorded as parents not getting on rather than the abuse it is. I’m sure there will be an effect on the data with how our systems operate to benefit fathers over children. (Yes I know this is apparently changing but I will believe it when I see it). I can’t see police dismissing physical abuse to a child who isn’t subject to PR from their abuser as just different parenting styles or that even so best not to record it as abuse because the best thing for this child is having contact with this man no matter what.

neglect makes sense when there are biological children to gourd resources for. Which won’t be the case with sperm donation.

I don’t think it would have the patterns we see with step parent risk. But without large scale peer reviewed research we can’t say that

Carla786 · 02/12/2025 19:43

Hedgehogsrightsarehumanrights · 02/12/2025 19:23

As a person who worked in DVA for many years there does not seem to me to be a heightened risk of unrelated males and children in a family unit, indeed the heightened risk to children from, the data I collated was from biological fathers, who would use the children to keep control of the mother.

further murders of children are more commonly committed by biological fathers.

i am of the view that violent men are just violent men.

there are plenty of successful adoptions, be they by hetro sexual, gay or lesbian couples.

The concern i have about fertility treatments that involve a third party be it sperm donation or egg donation, is that there is a risk of people accidentally procreating with a close relative.

And secondly there is no consideration of a very human desire to know where we come from.

I am even more concerned about the fertility industry, surrogacy being an industry that is out of control and commodifies women's bodies, which should in my view have an outright ban.

this may well exclude gay men from pro creating, i don't think that is homophobic.

However, on the thread topic of Cinderella Effect from non biological fathers...I respect that you saw no difference.

But a lot of studies do seem to bear this out about stepfathers, although there have also been some challenges. It's true that the stepfather factors might be social rather than purely Cinderella Effect, and might not apply to sperm donor straight couples, but I still think the question should be asked.

The theory is somewhat evopsych in that it argues that male animals like tigers, lions, and chimps all are known to kill a female's young from a previous relationship to then bring them into the reproductive phase again, and that Cinderella Effect is in line with this. Evopsych can be often overstated though. Humans don't have oestrus cycles, for one. Moreover, male infertility doesn't apply to the nature scenarios.

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Carla786 · 02/12/2025 19:37

Hedgehogsrightsarehumanrights · 02/12/2025 19:23

As a person who worked in DVA for many years there does not seem to me to be a heightened risk of unrelated males and children in a family unit, indeed the heightened risk to children from, the data I collated was from biological fathers, who would use the children to keep control of the mother.

further murders of children are more commonly committed by biological fathers.

i am of the view that violent men are just violent men.

there are plenty of successful adoptions, be they by hetro sexual, gay or lesbian couples.

The concern i have about fertility treatments that involve a third party be it sperm donation or egg donation, is that there is a risk of people accidentally procreating with a close relative.

And secondly there is no consideration of a very human desire to know where we come from.

I am even more concerned about the fertility industry, surrogacy being an industry that is out of control and commodifies women's bodies, which should in my view have an outright ban.

this may well exclude gay men from pro creating, i don't think that is homophobic.

I agree with you. To be fair, the increasing bans on anonymous donation would at least remedy those 2 problems.

But I share your unease. I think known donation is different if it's maybe a family member who will be actively involved, but I still think it's not good for a child to have a biological father who probably wants no role, or at least not a parental one (not to mention a sperm donor who did want a parental role would be hard for a straight couple where the husband would want that role)

I wish lesbigay coparenting was talked about more. I have a lesbian friend who wants to do this but she notes that UK gay men tend to see surrogacy as what they should do. Germany bans surrogacy and encourages lesbians & gay men to coparent via 'rainbow families' websites so they can get to know each other well first. A much better idea.

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Hedgehogsrightsarehumanrights · 02/12/2025 19:23

As a person who worked in DVA for many years there does not seem to me to be a heightened risk of unrelated males and children in a family unit, indeed the heightened risk to children from, the data I collated was from biological fathers, who would use the children to keep control of the mother.

further murders of children are more commonly committed by biological fathers.

i am of the view that violent men are just violent men.

there are plenty of successful adoptions, be they by hetro sexual, gay or lesbian couples.

The concern i have about fertility treatments that involve a third party be it sperm donation or egg donation, is that there is a risk of people accidentally procreating with a close relative.

And secondly there is no consideration of a very human desire to know where we come from.

I am even more concerned about the fertility industry, surrogacy being an industry that is out of control and commodifies women's bodies, which should in my view have an outright ban.

this may well exclude gay men from pro creating, i don't think that is homophobic.

TeaAndStrumpets · 02/12/2025 19:16

If you have a strong stomach google Preston Davey. Two men adopted a one year old boy, who died in their care. They violently sexually abused him and made indecent images of everything. They have not been sentenced yet, so I imagine there will be investigations into social services involvement.

That saying "Hanging's too good for them" springs to mind.

drhf · 02/12/2025 19:01

The effect, if it exists at all, is likely to be much smaller.

At least three risk factors apply to stepfathers but not to men who raise children conceived with donor sperm.

Firstly, stepfathers often have their own biological children in the same family, whereas men raising children conceived with donated sperm usually don’t. Competition for resources with biological children is thought to be a risk factor for abuse.

Secondly, men raising children conceived using donor sperm raise their children from birth, whereas stepfathers usually take on a paternal role only later. The risk of sexual abuse is thought to be reduced (though obviously not eliminated) by caregiving during infancy.

Thirdly, the role of stepfather can be sought out by predators because it provides an opportunity to target abuse at a specific child who is the focus of the man’s interest from the start, with the “relationship” with the mother providing only cover for access through which to abuse the child.

Carla786 · 02/12/2025 18:31

Kuretake · 02/12/2025 18:12

A straight couple who use a sperm donor are raising a child who is not related biologically to the father, and unlike adoption, there are no checks

This is so common though isn't it? We don't do any checks on men that single mums move in with their children.

I'm not disagreeing that it's worth looking at/ considering but it's not different for sperm doner set ups than anything else. Generally where a child is in a house with no parent then we run checks, where there is one parent we allow that parent to make their own risk decisions for who else to allow access to the children.

I agree : but that's my main point. The Cinderella Effect originally focused on stepfathers and the added risk they seem to pose, all things being equal.

I'm not saying checks should be run, any more than I'm saying stepfathers should be checked.
I'm saying that the Cinderella Effect about stepfathers is accepted, at least to some extent, in wider discourse. Many threads here will give advice along those lines (to avoid a stepfather setup if possible) especially if a single woman's kids are young and vulnerable.

But its potential connection with a male-female couple using a sperm donor has barely ever been discussed as far as I can see. I think it should be.

Interestingly, when I tried to discuss this on AIBU I was deleted after 2 aggressive replies accused me of being homophobic and 'deranged' . very odd considering I made clear in my post that I wasn't saying gay male couples would be more dangerous due to their sexuality, and I further stated that I support their right to adopt.
Well, that's AIBU for you...I hope here the topic can be discussed calmly.

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Kuretake · 02/12/2025 18:12

A straight couple who use a sperm donor are raising a child who is not related biologically to the father, and unlike adoption, there are no checks

This is so common though isn't it? We don't do any checks on men that single mums move in with their children.

I'm not disagreeing that it's worth looking at/ considering but it's not different for sperm doner set ups than anything else. Generally where a child is in a house with no parent then we run checks, where there is one parent we allow that parent to make their own risk decisions for who else to allow access to the children.

Carla786 · 02/12/2025 18:04

More info on the Cinderella Effect :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_effect#:~:text=In%20evolutionary%20psychology%2C%20the%20Cinderella,by%20her%20stepmother%20and%20stepsisters.

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-human-beast/200906/do-parents-favor-natural-children-over-adopted-ones

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513809000038?via%3Dihub

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000312240707200105

Note that some of these articles argue adoptive fathers are not a risk in the way stepfathers are. The question remains where fathers who have used sperm donors fall in this .

Cinderella effect - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_effect#:~:text=In%20evolutionary%20psychology%2C%20the%20Cinderella,by%20her%20stepmother%20and%20stepsisters.

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Carla786 · 02/12/2025 17:55

Maybe this isn't a topic for FWR, but it involves fertility clinic ethical issues and child safety, so it's linked to many feminist issues. I wasn't sure where else it could go.

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