The fact your husband disappeared without his phone, and never bothered to come back to check on you/children is utterly disgusting. He knew he didn't have his phone with him, knew he wasn't contactable, knew he was leaving you to deal with 3 young children all day/evening...yet wasn't in the slightest bit bothered.
This is no longer about an argument or you throwing a hat at him, it's about the complete lack of concern for his family and respect for his wife. He was annoyed/pissed off, and wanted you to know about it, so he stayed away to punish you. The same as he does when he gives you the silent treatment for days on end. It's not about him calming down, no one takes days to do this, it's purely to punish you.
His behaviour is abusive. It's sole purpose is to punish you. When he thinks you've been punished enough, he reverts back to himself. The likelihood is, he knows you struggle with all 3 children, so leaving you with them all day/night, is also a punishment.
You need a long hard think about what you want going forward. Your relationship sounds toxic. It's not a great environment to be bringing up 3 children within. If you decide to divorce, then you will be on your own with 3 children, most likely 50% of the time or more.