Yes. There is a substantial literature showing that parents interact differently with children based on sex, although the strength and nature of those differences vary by domain. If your specific interest is whether differential treatment begins before birth, there is also a smaller but intriguing body of fetal and prenatal research.
High-quality reviews and meta-analyses on sex-differentiated parenting
These are the strongest starting points because they synthesize large numbers of studies.
1. Endendijk et al. (2016)
"Gender-Differentiated Parenting Revisited: Meta-Analysis Reveals Very Few Differences in Parental Control of Boys and Girls"
Meta-analysis of 126 observational studies involving over 15,000 families*.
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Examined actual observed parenting rather than self-reports.
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Conclusion: large differences are uncommon, but some consistent differences remain:
- Boys receive somewhat more physical control and discipline.
- Girls receive somewhat more supportive communication.
- Fathers tend to differentiate somewhat more than mothers in certain domains. ([PubMed][1]) theoretical work
Argues that sex differentiation is a developmental process involving continuous interaction between biology and social expectations.
Sandra Bem
Proposed that parents begin organizing expectations around a child's sex very early, potentially before birth once fetal sex is known.
Rebecca M. Jordan-Young
Critically reviews claims about innate sex differences and emphasizes the role of parental expectations in producing developmental differences.
If your focus is specifically "the fetus"
The strongest evidence is not that parents are already treating male and female fetuses radically differently in behavior, but rather that:
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*Parents develop different expectations once fetal sex is known.*
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*They describe, imagine, and talk about fetuses differently according to sex.*
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*These expectations appear before birth and may shape later interactions.*
The evidence is strongest for differences in perception, expectation, language, and symbolic preparation, and somewhat weaker for large behavioral differences during pregnancy itself.
If you'd like, I can also compile a more specialized bibliography focused only on:
- prenatal attachment and fetal sex,
- ultrasound and parental gendering of the fetus,
- maternal-fetal attachment scales,
- or studies that measured parents talking to or interacting with fetuses differently by sex.
[1]: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27416099/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Gender-Differentiated Parenting Revisited: Meta-Analysis Reveals Very Few Differences in Parental Control of Boys and Girls - PubMed"
This is what i got in a second from.chat GPT. There are many more, especially around linguistics.