From the government's own website:
Ethnic minorities are over-represented in stop and search compared to both their representation in the population and in crime.
Stop and Search is not only , or even primarily, for the prevention of knife crime. The main target is drugs.
The police cannot simply stop a Black person because they believe the fact that they are Black means they are more likely to be carrying drugs, a knife or stolen goods. This is discrimination. The data suggest this bias is at institutional and systemic level. 'They are Black' is not 'reasonable grounds'.
HOC website
People have long raised concerns about the impact of the disproportionate use of stop and search, particularly on Black people. For example, the police use of ‘sus laws’ (stop and search-like powers in the Vagrancy Act 1824, repealed in 1981) against Black people was considered a contributing factor to the Brixton riots/ uprising of 1981. In 1999, the Macpherson report into the murder of Stephen Lawrence found that that disparities in stop and search rates by ethnicity demonstrated “racist stereotyping” by the police.
In April 2022, the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) published a national stop and search learning report. The report raised several concerns about the way police conducted stop and searches on Black people, including conducting searches on weak grounds and using excessive force. It highlighted how such encounters can cause fear, humiliation, distress and trauma. The report made several recommendations to police forces and policing bodies. The IOPC published a report in October 2023 providing an update on actions against its recommendations.
Research conducted by the criminal justice consultancy Crest Advisory in 2022 found that 45% of adults who had been stopped and searched found the experience traumatising, rising to 52% of Black adults.
Baroness Casey’s review into standards of behaviour and the internal culture within the Metropolitan Police (the Met) was published in March 2023. It found that the Met had not explored how the “humiliating and traumatic” impact of stop and searches impacted trust and confidence of Londoners, especially young Black men, and found that the Met could not “explain clearly enough” why it used stop and search on the scale that it did.
What is the impact of stop and search on crime?
There is little evidence to suggest that stop and search has an impact on reducing crime.
A widely cited study published in the British Journal of Criminology in 2018 analysed London data from 2004 to 2014. This study concluded that the effect of stop and search on crime is “likely to be marginal, at best”. The research found “some association between stop and search and crime (particularly drug crime)” but concluded that the use of the powers “has relatively little deterrent effect”.