I don't know if anyone is interested, but here's a bit of biblical context which might help to see how deeply ingrained/far back this goes.
The conflict is said to have begun in the time of Abraham (around 1900 BC). Abraham and his wife Sarah couldn't have children even though God had promised Abraham he would be 'the father of many nations'. At Sarah's suggestion, Abraham slept with Hagar (his wife's maid) and she had a son called Ishmael. And then against all odds, Sarah also conceived and went on to have a son called Isaac. A huge family row broke out and Hagar and Ishmael were dispelled from the camp of the Israelites. The Bible describes Ishmael as 'He will be a wild donkey of a man; his hand will be against everyone and everyone’s hand against him, and he will live in hostility toward all his brothers' (Genesis 16:12)
This is the origin of the war (apparently), two half brothers and a bitterly divided family that's been at war ever since.
I don't know the Quran but it's possible this story is told from another angle. I'd definitely be interested to know!
These days (to answer the OP), I think (and this is just my opinion) the conflict is really more broadly a war against the perceived evils of the West. Hamas, the Muslim Brotherhood and ISIS are cut from the same cloth and are united in their hatred of Jews and the West. Israel symbolises both and I absolutely believe the Palestinians are being used as weapons to achieve a much bigger aim, the destruction of Israel and the establishment of some kind of caliphate.
I've worked in conflict zones and been to both areas and have to admit I've avoided commenting to a lot of threads as many people are churning out phrases they've read but have little understanding of. Not saying I do have in-depth knowledge (defo no expert!) but I have seen up close how Hamas operate and they do treat the people as expendable weapons. It is also not in their political/religious interests for Gaza to be prosperous or thrive in any way and so if you're trapped into that regime (and maybe even brainwashed by it), it's not going to be possible to 'rise up'.
I don't know what the answer is but Israel will believe they have to display overwhelming force in order to defeat an overwhelming broader evil. Is it actually possible to defeat an evil which is fuelled by a family conflict that goes back 4000 years? I don't know. I do know that a two state solution is not possible while Hamas is in power though.
I think anyone who gives soundbite answers which begin with 'it's simple...' really doesn't know what they're talking about.