With the best will in the world OP, the teacher won't praise a 15 year old student for doing the bare minimum (not disrupting the lesson, not disrupting other students etc). This is the baseline behaviour expected of all students and not something deserving of specific praise - by default he is required to listen and concentrate in lessons, not interrupt or disrupt the class, not to turn around, tap his pen or otherwise fidget creating a disturbance and to complete the work to the best standard he can. None of this is worthy of praise in a class full of 15 year old top set students, nor should praise be expected for any of these basic requirements.
Tolerance from his teacher and his fellow students will continue to decline, especially as GCSEs loom in the horizon, unless his behaviour improves completely and consistently. He has shown in his other lessons that he is capable of behaving so he is choosing to disrupt the math lessons and it will grate on everyone else in the class as they will know it's his choice to disrupt their education.
He needs to realise that sometimes if you continuously act in an irritating and disruptive manner, you're not going to make friends. People aren't going to like him and even if he bucks his ideas up and stops his disruption, that still doesn't deserve praise it just allows the teacher to get on and teach the class. The teacher doesn't have to like him, especially if he has shown continuous disrespect in her lessons which has disrupted the class repeatedly, why should she like him? It is not her job to like him, she is there to teach him math. If he chooses to not be taught, that's his decision. If he is incapable of behaving as expected without constant praise for doing so, it sounds as if top set isn't for him. Perhaps, if he is doing well in every other subject, home education for just the math curriculum can be taken over by yourself?
The main issue is that students can't be praised for everything they do which isn't disruptive, that would be impossible as it would take too much time and shouldn't be necessary, "well done Amy, Katie, Chloe, Ben for doing your work, thank you Adam, Tom, Lisa, Jack, Sarah for not talking to others, well done Matthew and Fred for listening to me, thank you Jenny, Megan, Sam, Andrew and Mark for not tapping your pens, well done Caleb, John, Florence, Edward, Kit, Stu and Melissa for facing the front of the class" etc, maybe when they were in year 2 but as 15 year olds in top set, a high standard of behaviour is a given. The teacher also should not have to treat your son differently and praise him for things the other students don't get praised for (thus singling him out). there should be no requirement for her to pander to him and treat him differently than the students who behave as they should.
If your son expects praise for the bare minimum and you enable this expectation, college/university/the workplace will hit him like a lead balloon. People won't pander to him like you expect his teacher to, people won't tolerate disruption and won't praise anything that's expected as bare minimum. A failed A-Level or failed degree, a disciplinary meeting, a frustrated boss who does not want to pat your head on the son every time he does something he's paid to do - he's being set up to fail. Support the teacher, tell your son to get his act together and work because he needs to learn not because he wants praise for it. Tell him that if he feels his teacher doesn't like him he's probably right and it's because she is most likely fed up and so if he wants to win her affections back, he needs to push himself, work as hard as he can, behave as he should without fail for the rest of the time he's in school, submit work above and beyond the standard expected and absolutely stop all disruptive behaviour going forward. If he chooses not to do this, because it is a choice, the consequences which follow are a natural lesson for him and you can at least say you've done your bit.