@forinborin
That is all v useful, thank you.
I'm super-dubious about foundation programmes; as far as I can see they are a completely unregulated money-spinner for universities... Looked at Edinburgh and they charge £22,000 for a year! Insane.
Online study in a Ukrainian university sounds a bit sad, but also v sensible. I think he wants to stay here, but honestly who knows at the moment what will seem desirable in 6 months.
Sitting A-levels/IB as a private candidate is an interesting idea too, though unfortunately of course he wants to do humanities (politics and economics). His English is solid, but not A-level politics standard...
I think it would be so much the best thing for him to swallow his pride and do A-levels, but that seems a lost battle at the moment. And as you say, if he spends 2 years on that and then at the end of the 3 years has no right to stay, well, it's years lost on nothing. Aargh. What a mess...