In Genesis, Eve's punishment for giving Adam the 'forbidden fruit' is pain in childbirth and submission to her husband.
'I will multiply your pains in childbearing, you shall give birth to your children in pain. Your yearning shall be for your husband, yet he will lord it over you' (Gen. 3, 16).
Adam, incidentally, gets the lesser punishment of having to work for a living!
However, we clearly have a chicken and egg scenario here. Do women suffer in childbirth because of Eve's Original Sin? (But even most Christians don't necessarily take the story of the Fall literally.) Or is this a myth told to explain the pain suffered by women in childbirth? (And, incidentally, the fact that women have always traditionally been subordinate to men while we're at it...) If it's the latter, than it doesn't have to be taken to mean that we should suffer pain.
NB 'I shall multiply your pain' implies that some pain was already involved in the first place, but Eve's sin makes it worse.
It's also interesting that Genesis actually contains two accounts of the creation of the first woman. In Gen. 1 we are told that men and women are created equal (and, apparently, simultaneously), but in Gen. 2 we have the story of Eve being created out of Adam's rib (which makes the relationship between them an unequal one). Just goes to show that this whole thing about creation/birth and the relationship between the sexes has always been a thorny one. (And, of course, when Adam and Eve eat the fruit they also 'notice' that they are naked, so at this point sexuality/nakedness also becomes something shameful - this has got to be linked with the fact that Eve's 'punishment' is connected to childbirth surely.)
Personally, I don't feel that the pain of childbirth is a punishment. But I would also distinguish it from the pain of, say, breaking a limb (which I have done). People talk about 'pain with a purpose' and it was like that for me.
Anyway, I am wittering on irrelevantly here, sorry. (Writing something about creation myths at the moment, so the Eve thing struck a chord!)