Number one should depend on the context. If a teacher was behaving inappropriately, of an abusive nature, then I would hope the pupils would say "no, this isn't right".
It sounds as though you introduced yourself as someone with a chip on their shoulder and that's not how to get respect and engagement from a workforce. The adults that I manage wouldn't have respect for me if I gave an induction speech such as that.
The problem with the younger generation is that many aren't brought up to give respect out in the first place, then complain when they don't get it back. Many young shop workers don't say please or thank you and then complain about how "rude" their customers are.
You are treating your pupils as adults without affording them the respect that an adult would be given in the first place. I fully support strong discipline and I only wish more parents were keen to instil boundaries and acceptable standards of behaviour in their children, but that should be done in a careful way.
For example "don't argue with my instructions" is too broad of a term given the safeguarding risks saying such a thing poses. It's also a hostile manner in which to greet someone and doesn't promote respect for you or a good morale. "Please follow instructions from me relating to your work, without arguments to ensure that lessons run efficiently" would be a better way of wording it. "Treat me with the same respect as the male teachers", well you haven't shown the pupils respect, coming in to the class room with an attitude issue and being 'standoffish' from the very beginning. As the adult, you should know to put behind problems with pupils last year and move forward with resilience, you are supposed to be the professional but seem to be demonstrating adolescent behaviour. "Please be respectful to staff and fellow class mates. Disrespect will not be tolerated, thank you for co-operating" would have been a better approach. "Phones handed in at the start", that's not leading by example in how to be respectful. That's also not demonstrating a way of communicating in the workplace for when they go in to adult life. "Please hand your mobile phones in at the beginning of the lesson and they will be returned to you at the end, this is non-negotiable, thanks for co-operating" would be a better way of wording it, being firm but still showing respect. "Please don't talk whilst I am speaking, I do ask for full respect in my lessons" would be a better way of addressing your final point.
You seem to have come to the lesson with a very negative attitude. As a school teacher, your role is to encourage the children to learn and that needs a positive, can do attitude. You've given the pupils a telling off without them having done anything effectively. In my line of work, we'd only adopt that tone in a disciplinary procedure and even then we'd be more respectful about it.
Have you really undertaken a PGCE? Did they not teach you about leadership, motivation and how to be professional? I cannot imagine a fully qualified teacher bringing hard feelings from the previous term to class and taking those feelings out on a new set of pupils, after 6 weeks ago. Children can be vile, they try to push boundaries, they say mean things. You deal with that by being firm, establishing a consequence for bad behaviour and then instilling the consequence (e.g. detention, housepoint deduction, report home) consistently. You need a zero tolerance approach on disruptive and disrespectful behaviour but you also need to be demonstrating giving out respect to lead by example.
As for your comment regarding "if you have an issue, feel free to discuss with the principle", well that's one of the most childish things I've ever heard. It also sets an argumentative tone. I've never known a teacher or member of SEN staff conduct themselves in this manner.