There is no crossover between a healthy male under about 50 and a healthy female in their testosterone range. The maximum in the female range is about 5.5 nmol/L. This is shown on the chart I have attached. The 'Semenya line' is what Semenya was fighting in the CAS to reject as the maximum that they have to suppress their testosterone to to compete as per the 2018 change from the IOC. The Hubbard line was the line that Hubbard had to suppress to as a male with a transgender identity.
This is from a PCOS advocate on twitter (and refers to a male person with a DSD that it is likely that both of these male athletes have - 5ARD).
PCOS raises female testosterone to up to 5.5 nmol/L (and above 4 can cause serious issues).
5-ARD raised Caster's testosterone to 21 nmol/L.
twitter.com/NathanielHart72/status/1550916276490477568?s=20&t=E8muLvV5kUEpbPeemz8zwQ
twitter.com/seaningle/status/1537480540068225031?s=20&t=E8muLvV5kUEpbPeemz8zwQ
Sean Ingle (Guardian sports journalist) mentioned this
The latest scientific publications clearly demonstrate that the return of markers of endurance capacity to "female level" occurs within six to eight months under low blood testosterone, while the awaited adaptations in muscle mass and muscle strength/power take much longer (two years minimum according to a recent study). Given the important role played by muscle strength and power in cycling performance, the UCI has decided to increase the transition period on low testosterone from 12 to 24 months. In addition, the UCI has decided to lower the maximum permitted plasma testosterone level (currently 5 mol/L) to 2.5 mol/L. This value corresponds to the maximum testosterone level found in 99.99% of the female population.
Plus
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/sms.14581
The International Olympic Committee framework on fairness, inclusion and nondiscrimination on the basis of gender identity and sex variations does not protect fairness for female athletes
“In adulthood, circulating testosterone concentrations do not come close to overlapping between females (0.1–1.7 nmol/L) and males (7.7–29.4 nmol/L).”
Males above 50 years old may have testosterone levels starting around 5 mol/L
Plus (with handy charts in the tweet)
https://x.com/hoovlet/status/1819017510005407984
“Confirmed. No overlap in T levels between healthy men and women, and rarely in people with atypical levels”.
“Below I'll include some info from my book on T and sex diffs. First is an illustration of the combined data from a meta-analysis of studies on a healthy population (by David Handelsman), and another on T levels in ppl with medical conditions/DSDs (by Richard Clark). I've also included my text description of the data. The original illustration is from Doriane Coleman's excellent Sex in Sport article (link is in the graphic). She let me adapt it for my book but hers is clearer!”
Please do not spread misinformation. If you are using the term 'woman with high testosterone', plus check your sources and don't spread misinformation. Female people with PCOS, women, DO NOT HAVE male levels of testosterone!
WOMEN WITH PCOS ARE NOT IN THE MALE RANGE OF TESTOSTERONE.
Women with testosterone over about 5.5 nmol/L (no where near the male range) would be gravely ill and most likely with a tumour.