If you are talking about a clear demarcation between “Mrs” and “Miss” and the use of these titles universally, these are actually quite recent innovations.
Titles generally were used only for the middle classes upwards until the late 19th century or thereabouts. You basically got a title if your family was prosperous enough to have servants - as far as I can tell, that was the rule. Everyone else just got their surname or “so-and-so’s wife.” Until the 18th century, “Goodwife” sometimes shortened to “Goody” was sometimes heard for working class married women.
For those who did get titles, “Mrs” (which for a long time was probably pronounced “mistress”) was for all women, regardless of married status, for a long time. “Miss” started to appear for young unmarried upper class women from the late 17th century, but was more of a “manner of speaking” than a specific title, and “Mrs” continued to be the more formal title for these unmarried women. It wasn’t until the late 18th century that a clear pattern of “Miss for unmarried women, Mrs. for married women” emerged; Samuel Johnson, for example, referred to all unmarried women as “Mrs” in the 1780s.
The rule only became absolutely inflexible in about Austen’s time, so really only about 200 years old.
”Ms.” was an alternative shortened form of “Mrs/mistress” from the 17th century onwards. In some parts of the USA, “Miss” and “Mrs” had always been slurred together to form a “Miz” form (watch Gone with the Wind and you’ll see the references to Miz Scarlett, Miz Suellen and all that). 19th century American feminists therefore made the decision to just formally codify this as a real title and use “Ms.” as the short form.
In short, a clear Miss/Mrs division is not especially old, and “Ms.” as a title is actually almost as old.