Carlo M. Cipolla (15 August 1922 – 5 September 2000) was an Italian
economic historian. He was a member of both the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society
These are Cipolla's five fundamental laws of stupidity:
° Always and inevitably, everyone underestimates the number of stupid
individuals in circulation.
° The probability that a certain person (will) be stupid is
independent of any other characteristic of that person.
° A stupid person is a person who causes losses to another person or
to a group of persons while himself deriving no gain and even possibly
incurring losses.
° Non-stupid people always underestimate the damaging power of stupid
individuals. In particular, non-stupid people constantly forget that at
all times and places, and under any circumstances, to deal and/or
associate with stupid people always turns out to be a costly mistake.
° A stupid person is the most dangerous type of person.
Corollary: a stupid person is more dangerous than a pillager.
As is evident from the third law, Cipolla identifies two factors to
consider when exploring human behavior:
° Benefits and losses that individuals cause to themselves.
° Benefits and losses that individuals cause to others.
Cipolla further refines his definition of "bandits" and "naïve people"
by noting that members of these groups can either add to or detract from
the general welfare, depending on the relative gains (or losses) that
they cause themselves and society. A bandit may enrich himself more or
less than he impoverishes society, and a naïve person may enrich society
more or less than he impoverishes himself and/or allows himself to be
impoverished."