I think it depends what you’re saying when you give the time out. If you’re telling the child she / he is “bad” then, time out or not, you’re inflicting damage on them, you’re telling them there is something wrong with them, only loving them when they’re “good” etc
if you say “hitting is bad, you need a break”, so say exactly what they did that was wrong, then it’s something else, you”re asserting boundaries.
time out is not the only way or should be the only/preferred way. It depends on the behaviour.
the idea is to put boundaries in place and have consequences.
and I think that leaving them alone in a room is too cruel. A step near to where you are works.
we only did it for a while. If you only do time out and no other boundaries or consequences, it won’t work as long or as well, it was not the most effective way tbh.
I ignored unwanted behaviour when she was too small to understand, like when she was 1. Ignore or distract, and praise the good things. She was too small for anything else. And it did work.
but it’s not too small at 3 or 4. Ignoring at this age sends the message that it’s allowed, they can do it again. They also have better memories, it’s not like when they’re little.
and with regards to love bombing, I love her all the time, praise all the time, we have 100s cuddles and kisses a day, tell each other we love each other as much, etc
i think consistent behaviour is key.