OH dear is all I can say reading your posts OP. You write like a bright, witty woman ! And you are sad for your husband that he can't see the essentially futile nature of striving so hard for recognition at/ and for work above all else. He sounds incredibly overfocused on work - I have some sympathy for this.
I work in a very competitive industry and I know how it is to obsess about work to the point of posting on social media/ wanting to share how tough my job is etc - the difference I think is because I'm a woman, I have always worked part time and in particular since having kids ten years ago I have worked part time.
This means I have HAD to have balance - something I see men unable to achieve.
The truth is, his job doesn't matter much (none of our jobs really do) - and you can't achieve your way out of low self esteem.
All I can suggest is to keep sitting him down and saying - you are over attaching to your job, you are giving it too much of yourself .
Looking at emails in bed is UNACCEPTABLE. It's literally loser behaviour. Unless you are in charge of the nuclear codes, you need to switch off.
Working til 2am/ reading emails late at night/ he is as you say going to work himself into the grave.
Would he consider taking some time off? he might find it easier to have 3 months off when he knows he can't check in than to actually manage his time better.