What counts as progression can be very minimal though, depending on the district. Promoting students is seen as more desirable than making them repeat a grade as there can be repercussions in later grades when you run the risk of having a 6 foot tall 6th grader who may be socially and emotionally on a completely different page from most of the rest of the grade..
That would not happen in England, afaik. Here it is standard for children to go up to the next year, regardless of progress or lack of. Occasionally, there might be a discussion about holding a child with SEN down for a year; but parents need to beware of that, because ime sooner or later the school will want the child to leapfrog a year and rejoin their chronological year group. If they have been held down due to SEN, these are the children least likely to be able to miss out a year's learning....
When I talked about progress, I meant looking at it quite specifically - say a child is in the top ten percent for IQ on WISC; but on a test like WORD, they are on the 5th percentile for basic reading, spelling and reading comprehension and their age equivalent is 8 months behind their chronological age...then when they are tested with WISC and WORD again a year later, they are a year behind their chronological age on reading, then they have fallen further behind, rather than closing the gap and are not achieving in line with their IQ either.
Alternatively, when my DD was in primary school, children were always assessed with national curriculum levels - and they were generally expected to go up a level in two years. If hypothetically, my DD had gone from level 2a to 2b at reading in two years, rather going up to level 3 as expected; then I would have been concerned with the lack of progress and that DD was falling further behind; not closing the gap. ICAN reckoned that children needed to be at level 4 in reading in year 6, if they were going to cope with secondary school. So, if my DD was in mainstream and was still level 2b at reading by Year 6, I would have been very concerned......If I had not done so already, I'd be seeking an assessment for an EHC plan.