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Summary of Carr, J.L. and VanDeusen, K.M. (2004) Risk Factors For Male Sexual Aggression on College Campuses. J. Family Violence 19(5): 279-289.
Surveys have consistently reported that college men acknowledged forced intercourse at a rate of 5-15% and college sexual aggression at a rate of 15-25% (Koss, Gidycz, and Wisniewski, 1987; Malamuth, Sockloskie, Koss, and Tanaka, 1991).
The national survey of rape conducted by Koss et al. (1987) revealed that 1 in 12 college men committed acts that met the legal definition of rape, and of those men, 84% did not consider their actions to be illegal.
In a large study of college men, 8.8% admitted rape or attempted rape (Ouimette & Riggs, 1998).
Cross-cultural studies of rape and studies of rape-prone versus rape-free campus cultures identify the following factors as contributors to sexual violence:
sex-role socialization
rape myths
lack of sanctions for abuse
male peer group support
pornography
all-male membership groups such as fraternities and sports teams
(Bem, 1974, 1981; Berkowitz, 1992; Quackenbush, 1989; Sanday, 1996; Schwartz & DeKeserdy, 1997; Warshaw & Parrot, 1991).
Using anonymous surveys, men admit to sexually aggressive acts with acquaintances or romantic partners (Koss, 1988; Lisak & Roth, 1990; Malamuth et al., 1991).
Malamuth (1981) validated a rape proclivity measure on various samples of college men and found an average of 21-35% of males indicated some likelihood of raping if they could be assured of not being caught.
Pryor (1987) reported that acceptance of rape myths, adversarial sexual beliefs, and lack of empathy were associated with greater proclivities in his sample to engage in sexual exploitation and aggression.