I was punched in the face once, by a drunk girl who wanted my seat.
There were other seats she could have used. I think she just felt like hitting somebody.
I think you did the right thing OP. You were already seated, and you've explained why you don't like being trapped in the window seat, and from his behaviour he's not someone I would like to feel trapped by.
He had three choices, take the window seat, remain standing, or look for another aisle seat further down the train.
He didn't have a fourth option to insist you move and then shout at you when you refused.
A seat was available for him. He should have taken it without the tantrum or left it without the tantrum.
I don't understand why people think that his preferences beats yours when you were there first.
Or why his getting off in ten minutes matters. If he's getting off sooner than you (which apparently he wasn't), you'll move again in ten minutes. If you're happy to be disrupted again so soon there's still no issue. If you're not happy to be disrupted a second time you have the choice then of either keeping your aisle seat or taking the seat you won't be disturbed from. As you still preferred the aisle, he gets the window seat that was available and empty.
Regardless of all of that, he arrived after you, had a seat available to him even if it wasn't his preferred seat, had no better claim to your seat than you did (less of a claim since you were already sat in it), and chose to stamp about shouting and swearing like an idiot rather than sit down and behave.
YANBU.
Also nobody has to be charming to someone who's making demands to be accommodated above and beyond everybody else.