Sexy, I read your op with sympathy and then I got to the post about your daughters age, and my jaw dropped.
I have a 15 yo and I honestly thought your daughter was much older. I also have a 10 yo dd. neither of them are angels by a long shot but I do my best, so don't think anything I say is a criticism of your parenting.
Mines have spoken to me like that - in particular the older one. The difference my DH does back me up so she's very clear it's not acceptable. You have a huge problem going on.
You have as I see it several options-
Suck it up and let her turn into the arsehole your DH is teaching her to be - Thr easiest option
Get your DH to somehow change his approach - easier said than done.
Put your DH out or leave yourself - Be prepared for him to continue to belittle you to her, without any check possible from your side
Find a way to change your reaction - which may mean being stronger. Not easy - but you are the parent, you can put sanctions in place, you just need to be creative so that they are not sanctions which your DH can override.
I'm not quite sure how you do that - take the phone and don't tell him where it is? But at the very least you need to keep on being firm and consistent in telling her what isn't acceptable.
Good luck.