The sex of a person may indeed be of paramount importance in certain medical situations. There are ways and ways of saying that in situations where it is important. One could say "the patient in cubicle 5 who is a trans woman, born male" or "Susan Jones, who is transgender". You don't have to say "Mr Jones".
She could even have said "Susan Jones, who was previously male". None of those are disrespectful.
Born male - still male.
Who is transgender - doesn't answer the question as to whether the person is male or female
Previously male - still male, sex change is impossible.
All your suggestions are just nonsense. Language, particularly in medical settings, should be clear, simple, easily and quickly understood.
And do you think any single one of your nonsense suggestions would have met with the approval of the patient? Of course they wouldn't, complete pandering to his determonation to be viewed as and referred to as a woman and female would be acceptable as his violent and nasty reaction proved.