OP, you've encountered some pretty savage hostility on here, from the get-go. But the fact that you have come on a parenting forum to ask questions, the fact that you go to a therapist, and a marriage counsellor, the fact that your wife trusted your capacity to change enough to reconcile after a divorce and five years apart, all say good things about your desire to improve matters in your family.
It seems like you're really frightened that your daughter won't make it in a difficult, competitive world. You've tried to do your best to provide well for her and maximise her chances, and you're worried that she's letting opportunity slip through her fingers. I understand the frustration, and it is maddening when adolescent and young adult children don't seem to want to take on board the lessons of their parents' experience and hard-won wisdom. Your daughter will gain her own wisdom, though, she really will. But if you want to remain part of her life, you have really got to switch mode now from knowledgeable and directing parent to listening and questioning (not cross-examining!) She's found a job (good for her) and taken on the responsibility of an apartment and a dog (good for her). Has she left university or is she combining work and study? Can she take a year (or more) out of her degree? Maybe she needs to work and meet a new network of people and build more life-skills and confidence? If her major is in international business, maybe she'd like to do a language module alongside it? With the coming home in tears about decisions that haven't worked out, it sounds like she's finding some aspects of life hard (who doesn't) but that she still trusts her parents enough to seek comfort and help from you. Which is good, no? Just don't blow this bit of trust by being overbearing or judgemental or impatient - she doesn't necessarily know this reaction stems from fear for her. She just thinks you think she's useless, not measuring up, letting you down. Imagine thinking that about someone you love. It would make you feel awful, wouldn't it? Do you want that for your daughter?
A bit of weed is not your thing, nor mine, but it's very common nowadays and arguably less dangerous than alcohol.
I would talk to your therapist about your daughter. I would say to your wife, quite honestly, "I'm feeling out of my depth here. I would like you to take the lead, I don't know what to do or how to react for the best, and I seem to make things worse, so I am going to try just listening and being supportive in that way." Maybe you and your wife could visit a family counsellor together and discuss a joint approach?
Good luck, I agree that being a parent presents its challenges at every age, but compared with late adolescence/moving towards adulthood, the early years are easy! But there's a lot you can do even at this stage to influence your relationship with your daughter for the better (or worse). You have to be willing to change and listen.