I promise you I get it. Sleep deprivation is used as torture for a reason. People who haven't suffered it, who think you are just 'very tired' have zero concept of what it actually does to you. Your hatred of your child is a natural response to him as the source of your torture.
From what you say, his crying for you and only you, his settling only when you are around suggests he's not actually ill. Some children scream all night due to pain but he doesn;t sound like one of them.
Forgive me for seeming to rehash previous advice, but I'm suggesting it with a different intent. It's possible that he's picked up on your stress around him - your raised cortisol etc and is having an instinctive reaction to it by constantly checking you won't desert him. His job as a 17-month-old is simply to survive and his best chance of doing so is to keep you right by him at all times.
So my suggestion (which I tried myself for reasons similar to yours) is to love bomb him, To overly reassure him you are here and love him. You can pretend to love for now. That works. Co sleep with him. I know it's not lovely and cuddly. I know he will wriggle and squirm. DH and I once woke up on the floor either side of the double bed with tiny squirmy screaming spark out alone on the bed. I understand. But if you cuddle him and sing to him and do 48 hours of massive over-indulgent reassurance that you're going nowhere, then he might relax a bit. It wasn't a magic trick for us, but it did work.
If I had my time again, I would get into debt to pay for a night nurse once a week while i booked into a travelodge and slept through. The need for an unbroken night, to restore your sanity, your mood, your mind, your strength - it should be a legal clause in motherhood. It should be your right, at least once a week.