I do cover so I see the best and worst of teenagers on a daily basis.
I have two degrees and QTS.
I have been used as a stop gap for two years running to cover classes permanently, not in my specialist subject.
I said this year, no more.
Here's what I do know:
In a class of 25 mixed ability year 7 students - irrespective of additional needs - in the first two weeks in September you barely see a peep out of them. You can identify in those two weeks the children who will struggle to self-regulate, even without seeing learning plans (If they even have one, many are undiagnosed, some will arrive with nothing on their record from primary at all) : one or two stand out for talking out of turn but the vast majority are on their best behaviour even if masking. They have equipment, don't swing on their seats or turn around and are listening - or at least doing a good impression of it.
These same children nine months later no longer all make that choice - and it is in many cases a choice - and a few disrupt where they can.
Not all disruptive children have SEN, not all are on a pathway, not all are undiagnosed, not all are LAC, not all have trauma - this applies to some, yes, but there are others who misbehave just because they can.
Whilst I hate to see cover and supply all tarnished with the same brush, noble is correct in saying that many will try it on and do so on a regular basis.
It is bloody unfair on the majority and the invisible - the ones in the middle who are not seen as gifted or seen as SEND or seen as level 4s if pushed - they grit their teeth, ignore the chaos and just get on.
Mixed ability teaching to the top does not help, whether you have scaffolding or extension work or not - there are just too many in each class now that need interventions.
As for Learning Support Assistants - very rarely do I see them now in class as a 1-1 - some scant research stated they enabled students and would be better served as a general supervisor whilst the teacher/specialist was meant to teach the SEND themselves. So PowerPoint - set the work - LSA supervises - Teacher deals with SEND then comes back to board for moving on/feedback/plenary.
I have been in the business a long time but have yet to see this model work well.
Restorative justice and warm-strict are now the new buzzwords but they won't stop the students who cannot or don't want to behave in the classroom from ruining a lesson.
You need specialist units for EBD, ASC and ADHD in each school as a separate wing, where students have a safe space but can access mainstream lessons that work for them then return to the units when needed. Especially as part-time timetables are frowned upon these days too, because of attendance figures.
You'd be lucky to get one of these specialist units per authority - and some are being closed as I speak - so schools have always had to come up with their own Learning Support or Emotional Support bases, which can help up to six at a time.
With such large numbers of undiagnosed needs, schools are simply overwhelmed and teachers are being blamed (I have colleagues criticised for exiting "too many" from a class when they were following policy).
We have been told PRUs are full, there is nowhere for the potential-excluded to go, it's only 2 per year group who are the hardest cases - ime, that's not true - it's 3-4 per class that can cause havoc - but staff are now feeling they are blamed for not scaffolding enough/having enough adaptive teaching/having enough formative assessment/having enough questioning/having exit tickets etc
Teacher-blaming is easier than dismantling and restructuring the system as a whole which needs to happen. Not just because education isn't a one-size-fits-all but because we need to address what education should be for, the impact of industry 4.0 and AI on future jobs, sustainability and climate change...what do our future generations need.