1. Acquisition of Territory by Force
Law: UN Charter (Article 2(4)) and Customary International Law
Why Illegal: States cannot acquire territory through war or force. The 1967 Six-Day War led to Israel occupying the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Gaza. The UN has repeatedly affirmed these are occupied territories.
2. Settlements in Occupied Territory
Law: Fourth Geneva Convention (1949), Article 49(6)
Why Illegal: An occupying power cannot transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.
Application: Israel’s settlement construction in the West Bank and East Jerusalem is considered a direct violation of this article.
UN Stance: UN Security Council Resolution 2334 (2016) explicitly calls Israeli settlements “a flagrant violation under international law.”
3. Annexation of East Jerusalem and Other Lands
Law: UN Charter, UNSC Resolutions 242 (1967) & 478 (1980)
Why Illegal: Annexation of occupied territory is prohibited. Israel’s 1980 declaration of Jerusalem as its “eternal and undivided capital” was declared null and void by the UN Security Council.
4. Displacement of the Palestinian Population
Law: Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 49(1)
Why Illegal: Forcible transfer or displacement of protected persons in occupied territory is prohibited.
Application: Evictions in East Jerusalem (e.g., Sheikh Jarrah) and demolitions of Palestinian homes have been widely condemned as unlawful.
5. Denial of Self-Determination
Law: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR, Article 1), UNGA Resolution 1514 (1960)
Why Illegal: The Palestinian people have a recognized right to self-determination. Occupation and settlement policies are considered to obstruct this right.
6. Blockade and Collective Punishment (Gaza)
Law: Fourth Geneva Convention (Article 33), Customary IHL
Why Illegal: Collective punishment of a civilian population is prohibited. The UN and major human rights organizations argue that Israel’s blockade of Gaza amounts to unlawful collective punishment.