"Outliers" by Malcolm Gladwell is an interesting read, OP.
Essentially, the theory is that being a high achiever is a combination of various factors, including natural ability, hard work, luck and timing.
It talks of the 10,000 hours necessary to achieve mastery of a particular skill, which could be a musical instrument, a sport or a career path. But having the opportunity to put the 10,000 hours in depends a lot on luck and timing, which is often a lot more likely to happen if you come from an affluent background with supportive parents. But without a bit of talent and a lot of hard work, the privileged background on its own won't be enough.
It also refers to the "Matthew effect", which means the "haves" tend get more, i.e. their privilege multiplies, whereas the "have nots" tend to lose even the little they have, so the gap between them widens over time.
After reading that book, the takeaway point for me if I were a parent on a low income without the ability to fund lots of hobbies and activities for my children would be to join a library and support them with reading as much as possible. Because that's one thing that makes a huge difference to academic success, and it doesn't have to cost a lot of money.