We live in Israel. I wouldn't say kids are allowed to do "anything" as the OP suggests, but they have a lot more freedom (and responsibility) than most kids in the UK. At age 3-4 parents will leave their kids for playdates and parties; a sleepaway camp for 14 year olds is supervised by 16-year-olds, and young teenagers run a day camp for primary kids. From early primary ages kids are taught, for example, to stand up and lead a song in the synagogue. As others have mentioned for various cultures, other adults and older kids will quickly intervene if they see a problem. If a kid is playing up, for example on public transport, "grannies" or other parents will often try to engage the kid, asking questions of offering them a snack (with the consent of the parent of course) rather than silently fume at them. Kids are highly encouraged to get involved in "adult" issues - with the current political crisis, there are also demonstrations led by school kids.
Bedtime - really varies, like others have said, in the summer kids might play outside late because it's cooler.
There's much less of a culture of "kids food" here - all kids eat vegetables, and at my kid's preschool they are ONLY allowed to bring fruit, a sandwich, and cut up veg :) Also, for example on Shabbat (the Jewish sabbath) when we generally eat dinner late, kids are expected to be at the table with grownups or do their own thing, or even take themselves to bed - but there's not a separate table for kids.
Education - from age 3, there is free government preschool (7:30am till 13:00, 6 days a week) and most kids stay on till 16:45, 5 days a week. Even at this age, the class size is 29 with one teacher and one assistant. There are very few private schools here so most kids go to state schools and there is a big emphasis on community and social leadership among the youth (eg Scouts etc).
In general life here is much more family oriented. It's normal to leave work early to pick up kids or bring them to events.
Both kids and adults tend to dress more practically than in the UK.
Also (only based on what I see on Mumsnet) I feel that in general there is less materialism. There's no Christmas equivalent where kids are showered with gifts, and while kids get plenty of birthday presents they are encouraged to celebrate by bringing a gift for the preschool, or baking a cake to share, rather than the focus being only on them.