Just a primer for anyone who may not be familiar with post traumatic stress disorder (ptsd). A meta analysis- Here- found that an estimated 1 in 3 refugees experience PTSD, an estimated 1 in 2 experience depression and 1 in 2 experience an anxiety disorder. The rate of PTSD could be as high as 48%.
“PTSD is diagnosed after a person experiences symptoms for at least one month following a traumatic event. However symptoms may not appear until several months or even years later. The disorder is characterized by three main types of symptoms:
Re-experiencing the trauma through intrusive distressing recollections of the event, flashbacks, and nightmares.
Emotional numbness and avoidance of places, people, and activities that are reminders of the trauma.
Increased arousal such as difficulty sleeping and concentrating, feeling jumpy, and being easily irritated and angered
Diagnosis criteria that apply to adults, adolescents, and children older than six include those below. Read more details here.
Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation:
directly experiencing the traumatic events
witnessing, in person, the traumatic events
learning that the traumatic events occurred to a close family member or close friend; cases of actual or threatened death must have been violent or accidental
experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic events (Examples are first responders collecting human remains; police officers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse). Note: This does not apply to exposure through electronic media, television, movies, or pictures, unless exposure is work-related.
The presence of one or more of the following:
spontaneous or cued recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic events (Note: In children repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of the traumatic events are expressed.)
recurrent distressing dreams in which the content or affect (i.e. feeling) of the dream is related to the events (Note: In children there may be frightening dreams without recognizable content.)
flashbacks or other dissociative reactions in which the individual feels or acts as if the traumatic events are recurring (Note: In children trauma-specific reenactment may occur in play.)
intense or prolonged psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic events
physiological reactions to reminders of the traumatic events
Persistent avoidance of distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic events or of external reminders (i.e., people, places, conversations, activities, objects, situations)
Two or more of the following:
inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic events (not due to head injury, alcohol, or drugs)
persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations about oneself, others, or the world (e.g., “I am bad,” “No one can be trusted,” "The world is completely dangerous").
persistent, distorted blame of self or others about the cause or consequences of the traumatic events
persistent fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame
markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities
feelings of detachment or estrangement from others
persistent inability to experience positive emotions
Two or more of the following marked changes in arousal and reactivity:
irritable or aggressive behavior
reckless or self-destructive behavior
hypervigilance
exaggerated startle response
problems with concentration
difficulty falling or staying asleep or restless sleep
Also, clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning not attributed to the direct physiological effects of medication, drugs, or alcohol or another medical condition, such as traumatic brain injury.”
Note the cognitive and behavioural aspects in the final paragraph which may be interpreted by others as selfishness, unpleasantness, “work shyness” or hedonism. Note also the lack of trust of others.
PTSD is a very complex issue, it is difficult to treat, it’s no surprise that hosts are finding it very difficult to manage along with potential anxiety and depression of their guests. This is why the programme is ill conceived. These people need proper support and treatment, it doesn’t matter how kind you are- it doesn’t make up for good training in this area of mental health. What people can do is at least understand it’s unlikely to be intentional when people don’t behave “well”, people with PTSD aren’t taking the piss- even if that’s what it looks like sometimes.