My guess is that the vaccination priority list - at this stage - is just speculation.
When a vaccine comes up for evaluation, and before the approval for public use is granted, the experts will be looking at the efficacy and safety data collected during the phase 3 trials. The approval will also state who should receive the vaccine and who should not (e.g. contra-indications) and what dosage should be applied.
For example, we've been told that the vaccine will not be given to children, because it hasn't been tested on children during the Phase 3 trials. But has the vaccine really been tested on octogenarians? Maybe a few, but almost certainly not in large numbers - large enough to be able to give precise efficacy and safety data.
So why would the oldest people be amongst the first on the vaccination list? I'd guess it could be justified as follows:-
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long term side effects of these very new types of vaccines (RNA never used before for any vaccine, ever) are completely unknown. Older people probably won't live long enough for the long term side effects to exhibit, whereas if one vaccinates a child, there's a whole lifetime ahead of that child for any unknown side effects to show.
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The older a person is, the higher the chance of COVID-19 causing a serious illness, perhaps death. It's a case of balancing the odds - how well can a very old person tollerate the side effects of the vaccine (short term known side effects, medium and long term effects unknown) versus the probability of catching COVID-19 and suffering serious illness. I guess that in care homes, the risk of catching COVID-19 is so high that it trumps any risks of adverse side effects.
Has the vaccine been trialled on people with complications, like imuno-suppressed patients, diabetics, people with heart conditions? I guess not, because the BBC list doesn't say that people with high risk existing conditions, who most need the protection of the vaccine, will be prioritised for vaccination.
I'm not an expert on this topic, but it seems to me that the prioritisation list for vaccine will depend on several factors:-
on which groups has the vaccine been trialled enough to know the short term side effects with confidence? (that's probably the young, strong and healthy people)
in which groups of people is the risk of long term unknown side effects minimised? (that would be the very elderly people)
which groups of people are most likely to produce strong antibodies / immunity for the longest period of time? (not known)
which groups of people need the vaccine most (those who can't escape the environments where there's likely to be a high viral load - i.e. health workers, people in indoor institutions 24/7 like care homes, prisons, transport workers on buses and trains)
I found it very odd that no one knows whether a person who has been vaccinated can still be infectious to others or not. I thought that the vaccine was the way towards reaching herd immunity, but is it? The idea behind herd immunity is that if you can't catch it, you can't pass it on to others.
I just can't get my head round the concept that you can still infect others even if you can't catch the illness because you've been successfully vaccinated!!! A vaccine is not medication:- the vaccine is preventative - it stops you from becoming infected with the virus (so you can't infect anyone else because you're not infected yourself), while medication is used to treat your illness once you've caught the virus (and then you definitely are infectious). Someone needs to explain this to us.