Problems in schools
Staffing. What happens in Scotland is teachers slowly drift to the 'better' schools in the area and the 'poorer' schools have more and more recruitment issues, so a revolving door of supply, which means poor behaviour, which means more teachers want to leave.
What happens in England is teachers slowly drift to 'better' schools and in 'poorer' schools you either get a revolving door of supply or you get unqualified 'Cover Supervisors' since in England there is no rule that it has to be a registered teacher.
Resources :
Schools have fewer resources. In poorer areas there is Pupil Premium or Pupil Equity Fund but it has fairly specific things it can be spent on. Better off areas have parents that go to the school fair and fund raise through PTA and generally help support the school.
Behaviour:
More and more parents will not support the school with any sanctions. Local Authorities do not want pupils excluded. That child that threw a chair at you yesterday and told you they'd be waiting after school to stab you? They will be back in your class tomorrow after a 'restorative conversation'. The parent(s) will often blame the teacher for the poor behaviour while informing the school that they do not allow any detentions. SLT will inform you that they were perfectly pleasant 1 to 1 in their office for the chat so they think it must be the lesson being too boring.
Solutions : Make teaching a profession worth going into, and make it bearable to stay in beyond the first 5 years. Right now a degree in virtually any STEM subject will get much better pay and conditions in industry than in school. In Scotland you need a Degree (preferably 2:1 Honors, though they do accept less now staffing is so dire) and a Post Graduate Diploma and to pass a years Probation to be able to teach and for that you start at 26k with recent pay rise. Couple that with long hours, little support, 'clients' that can verbally and physically abuse you and little is done about it, an ever shifting curriculum and goal posts and its not top of many people's job list. Those 13 weeks holiday? Yeah funnily enough it doesn't tempt many people into the profession.
Stop cutting the education budget. Yes its an easy one as the general public see '200k budget for one school' and think its more than enough, when that has to pay for everything from broken boilers to light bulbs to photocopying. Department budgets tend to be so small they don't even cover the photocopying - essential with the ever changing curriculum. You can forget about up to date text books. Plus teachers generally will not want their pupils to suffer so spend their own money on paper and pencils and jotters and so on.
Seeing your local library close is a concrete thing - hearing the school got 50K less this year is pretty abstract. The school will still open, the children will still be in classes and you will probably never know that the teacher spent £100 of their own money to make sure every child had a pencil and a jotter and folder and that there are buckets in the top floor classrooms to catch the drips from the leaking roof that they can't afford to fix.
Allow actual proper sanctions in schools again. Its not a badge of honor that the LA had no expulsions this year, behaviour hasn't magically got better. All it means is that the little fuckers are still in the same school abusing the same teachers, but now they know they can get away with it.
Some state schools are excellent, some are dire. But the main issue is that fewer and fewer people are training to be teachers and more are leaving the profession after a few years so there are staff shortages across the country.
There is always the 'but nurses' 'but policemen' comments, but I think that teaching is the only profession out there where we can't actually refuse to teach a pupil who has been verbally or physically abusive.
Police can arrest people who are abusive or violent. Every GP and hospital has signs up that they can refuse to treat abusive patients. Teachers have no formal right to do that, there is a duty of care from employers but how that looks in practice is often a risk assessment and back in class.
The actual 'in front of a class' bit is generally awesome. It can make teaching feel totally worthwhile. The rest of the bullshit around that? That is why teachers are leaving the profession in droves. As I did after 20 years of it.