I don't really feel qualified to contribute to this thread substantively but I do have another possibly interesting diversion to mention.
[I have read the first and last third of this thread btw, and felt a cold chill go over me at the mention of the words R&R... I started PhD in 1999 at a very well known (literally) redbrick university with a big clock tower, had a second year progress report in which my supervisor wrote "at this rate Licious will not even get an MPhil in three years" having never said similar face to face, handed it in Nov 2003 after writing up while working full time, had to ask the uni to remind him to assign some examiners in May 2004, viva took 8 hours, 7.5 of which I was in tears, scraped an R&R result, handed in a second thesis a year later under some guidance from the external examiner, second viva resulted in major corrections dressed down as minors (can't have majors on a R&R'd thesis) then a few more edits and eventually graduated in summer 2006. Supervisor had washed hands of me even before I submitted the very first time.]
Anyway... I am no longer in academia. But while a PhD student I was the postgrad rep on the students' union, then the chair of the national version (not the NUS), then the president of the European committee, Eurodoc, which is still going very strong. They run a conference each year and have working groups on international/inter-sectoral mobility, family/women specific issues, supervisory relationships/structures etc etc. Due to the different paths to PhD across Europe (mainly the non-existence of Masters as a postgrad qualification elsewhere), the organisation sort of represents anything within a few years either side of 'doctoral'.
And it does really represent issues, not just a talking shop. While I was La Presidenta de la Junta (the constitution was written in Spanish because that's where we legally founded Eurodoc) I attended academic mobility committees in the Education/employment department of the European Commission, which had real money to throw at solutions to cliches like the transatlantic Brain Drain, the Mommy Track (leaky pipeline) etc.
So glad I left research. It was misogynistic even to a single female with no child-bearing likelihood in sight.