This is a section of the explanatory notes relating to the EA
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/notes/division/3/16/26/1
Its worth a read.
The exemptions exist, and are laid out. But the likes of Stonewall have repeatedly sort to misrepresent what they mean.
One examples is as follows:
Considerations of privacy or decency might require a public changing room or lavatory attendant to be of the same sex as those using the facilities.
A counsellor working with victims of rape might have to be a woman and not a transsexual person, even if she has a Gender Recognition Certificate, in order to avoid causing them further distress.
Later on you have this:
Schedule 16: Associations: exceptions
904.Schedule 16 contains exceptions from the association provisions in Part 7 of the Act.
Single characteristic associations: paragraph 1
Effect
905.This paragraph allows an association whose main purpose is to bring together people who share a particular characteristic (such as a particular nationality, sexual orientation or a particular disability) to continue to restrict membership to such people, and impose similar restrictions on those who can exercise the rights of an associate, or who can be invited as guests.
906.It is however unlawful for an association to restrict its membership to people of a particular colour.
Background
907.An exception for associations which bring together people who share a particular protected characteristic was provided in previous legislation in relation to race and sexual orientation. This exception has been extended to cover all of the protected characteristics in line with the prohibition on discrimination.
Example
A club for deaf people can restrict membership to people who are deaf and would not need to admit people with other disabilities, such as a blind person
There's pages and pages and pages of details on exemptions.
My point here is that, NO WHERE does it state that transwomen have full access to Female toilets. Indeed, where it talks about employment, it states that the sex of the person employs matters for reasons of decency and dignity and you CAN exclude a transperson for certain jobs even if they have a GRC.
The fact that there has been an explosion of people identifying as trans is crucial to understand the major difference between 2010 and now.
In 2010 you wouldn't have had large numbers of male university students declaring themselves to be non-binary and then making a point of using the women's facilities for example. Gender Reassignment was a very small pool of people who were in the process of seeking to obtain a GRC or already had one and permenantly transitioning. It wasn't people who were self IDing on a day to day basis with no commitment to even trying to get a legal document.
And therein lies a lot of the issue.
The GRA has been shown as not fit for purpose and the Equality Act has been undermined by the deliberate conflation of sex and gender. When the EA was written this conflation just didn't exist in this way. Its an example of how langugage corruption has been deeply cynical and deliberately motivated to remove legal protections which DO exist in law by confusing matters and saying they DON'T exist.
And thats why there is a problem now.
Its clear that the GRA is basically really badly written law and the EA is proving exceptionally hard for women to use to protect themselves because of political manipulation by trans supporting groups having huge amounts of unaccountable influence.
We effectively have the actual law and Stonewall law which has got ahead of the actual law (and is unlawful). When challenged we now have one clear example of Stonewall advice being a pile of crap and I suspect we will see further examples in time.
The law needs proper clarification as a result - which states that sex is not the same as gender. And this will cause an issue for individuals who have got ahead of the law, whinging that they've lost certain rights. In truth they've ridden roughshot over the law at the expense of others and behaved appallingly. They've demonstrated they can't be trusted so it needs spelling out better. And its not being liked. Whats more is they DO have rights protected in law, for self expression its just they don't want protection in their same sex, they want to erode the protections of the opposite sex.
Its a car crash of misunderstanding which Stonewall stand at the head of. They've done the majority of the misleading. Its THEM who have let down transpeople. Its THEM who have failed to campaign for third spaces etc. Its not women rights groups on a mission to be 'anti-trans' and remove rights...