No matter what hormones are fluctuating, violence is still a deliberate choice made by men to exert power.
Insulin is a hormone. You have obviously never been physically attacked by an irrationally enraged, physically frail, octogenarian, diabetic female whose violence was a result of hypoglycaemia.
I hope that would come under the rubric of "while the balance of the mind was disturbed" rather than "a deliberate choice" but it is good example of how fluctuating hormones affect propensity to violence and that not only men are affected.
Another example of how women's propensity to violence can be affected by fluctuating hormones, while having nothing to do with "exerting power", would be in relation to the menstrual cycle.
Violent crime and the menstrual cycle
d'Orbán & J Dalton
Psychological Medicine , Volume 10 , Issue 2 , May 1980 , pp. 353 - 359
Synopsis
Of 50 women charged with crimes of violence, 44% committed their offence during the paramenstruum (P < 0·02) and there was a significant lack of offences during the ovulatory and post-ovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle (P < 0·01). This association could not be accounted for by psychosocial factors. Offences were unrelated to symptoms of premenstrual tension. When considering treatment, recurrent behavioural changes rather than subjective symptoms should be looked for.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/abs/violent-crime-and-the-menstrual-cycle/4F146CE0F5FB5CFE8624E16E554641A3
This seems to be unrelated to Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD).
Brain reactivity during aggressive response in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder treated with a selective progesterone receptor modulator
Nature, 2021 - open access
Abstract
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by late luteal phase affective, cognitive, and physical impairment. The disorder causes significant suffering in about 5% of women in their reproductive age.
Altered sensitivity of cognitive-affective brain circuits to progesterone and its downstream metabolite allopregnanolone is suggested to underlie PMDD symptomatology.
Core mood symptoms include irritability and anger, with aggression being the behavioral outcome of these symptoms.
The present study sought to investigate the neural correlates of reactive aggression during the premenstrual phase in women with PMDD, randomized to a selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) or placebo.
Self-reports on the Daily Record of Severity of Problems were used to assess PMDD symptoms and gonadal hormone levels were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 30 women with PMDD, while performing the point subtraction aggression paradigm.
Overall, a high SPRM treatment response rate was attained (93%), in comparison with placebo (53.3%). Women with PMDD randomized to SPRM treatment had enhanced brain reactivity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during the aggressive response condition. The fronto-cingulate reactivity during aggressive responses depended on treatment, with a negative relationship between brain reactivity and task-related aggressiveness found in the placebo but not the SPRM group.
The findings contribute to define the role of progesterone in PMDD symptomatology, suggesting a beneficial effect of progesterone receptor antagonism, and consequent anovulation, on top-down emotion regulation, i.e., greater fronto-cingulate activity in response to provocation stimuli.
Full article:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-021-01010-9
However, there may be a correlation between PMMD and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs).
Association between adverse childhood experiences and premenstrual disorders: a cross-sectional analysis of 11,973 women
BMC Medicine volume 20, Article number: 60 (2022)
Background
Childhood abuse and neglect have been associated with premenstrual disorders (PMDs), including premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). However, the associations of other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the cumulative number of ACEs with PMDs remain to be explored.
Methods
To evaluate the associations of the cumulative number and types of ACEs with PMDs, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis with a subsample of menstruating women within the Stress-And-Gene-Analysis (SAGA) cohort, assessed for PMDs and ACEs (N=11,973). The cumulative and individual exposure of 13 types of ACEs was evaluated by a modified ACE-International Questionnaire. A modified version of the Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool was used to identify probable cases of PMDs, further sub-grouped into PMS and PMDD. Prevalence ratios (PRs) of PMDs in relation to varying ACEs were estimated using Poisson regression.
Results
At a mean age of 34.0 years (standard deviation (SD) 9.1), 3235 (27%) met the criteria of probable PMDs, including 2501 (21%) for PMS and 734 (6%) for PMDD. The number of ACEs was linearly associated with PMDs (fully-adjusted PR 1.12 per ACE, 95% CI 1.11–1.13). Specifically, the PR for PMDs was 2.46 (95% CI 2.21–2.74) for women with 4 or more ACEs compared with women with no ACEs. A stronger association was observed for probable PMDD compared to PMS (p for difference <0.001). The associations between ACEs and PMDs were stronger among women without PTSD, anxiety, or depression, and without childhood deprivation and were stronger among women a lower level of social support (p for interaction<0.001). All types of ACEs were positively associated with PMDs (PRs ranged from 1.11 to 1.51); the associations of sexual abuse, emotional neglect, family violence, mental illness of a household member, and peer and collective violence were independent of other ACEs.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that childhood adverse experiences are associated with PMDs in a dose-dependent manner. If confirmed by prospective data, our findings support the importance of early intervention for girls exposed to ACEs to minimize risks of PMDs and other morbidities in adulthood.
Full article:
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-022-02275-7
GuanYinShanxi if you want us to take your assertion seriously, that "No matter what hormones are fluctuating, violence is still a deliberate choice made by men to exert power" you will have to do better than parrot "Patriarchy", "Theories of Violence" and "go read a book about the Kush".
But, hey, anything is better than letting us discuss why so many males in prison who identify as women are convicted sex offenders?
🤔