First of all, OP, I understand you. It'd drive me bonkers. Still, here's my sober take on the situation as per my best professional judgment:
In a nutshell, OP, your problem is that you already don't get on well with your line manager / have had work-related issues. As a member of senior management at my own workplace, if this ended up on my desk somehow, I'd have a hard time overlooking it. And, I suspect, so may any HR department. Remember that the primary function of HR, whatever they tell you in their employee marketing newsletters, is to make sure your employer doesn't get their arse sued off or reputationally damaged by its own personnel if push comes to shove.
If you're looking at your description of the situation under the worst case (from OPs angle, not the manager's) interpretation you could end up with a narrative that boils down to "employee who was passed over for a promotion/lacked the courage or ambition to gun for it has a hard time adjusting to new management and has ended up being a bully when other, only more senior employee had issues with their health and eventually came out as non-binary".
I'm not saying it's like this at all. I am, however, saying it may be possible, perhaps quite easily so, to spin the situation in this way.
That's why I would advise you to speak to HR/your union about the performance concerns and leave the pronouns stuff out altogether.
I realise this is frustrating. But then, the best piece of advice I've ever had in a situation where I was going up against a higher up has come from my shark of a solicitor, who dissected my the situation and my personal position in the firm with clinical coldness and advised me to go ahead because I was going to win the sympathy vote as well as the race for corporate PR points if push came to shove. Hired him on the spot. He's probably a psychopath - but he has a very good point there.
Sadly, I don't think that's really a given in this situation.