Ok i will try. Wish i had track changes on my phone.
Embedded in the fair play discourse is the persistent assumption that all males (born) have a physical advantage over all females (born). (My corrections)(or did author mean 'all men, biological males/transmen/intersex' have an advantage over biological females? There might be more proof of that view, with attitudes to intersex competitors)
i dont think any academic would use 'all' without their supervisor jumping down their throat, but at least uses biological terms for biological sex (male/female). I have removed the reference to trans (evidence for this?)The 'all' is crying out for a 'really?? Proof please' comment. I can imagine 'some'
Within the context of sport, it is clear that there is a strong, prevalent societal belief in the superiority of hegemonic masculinity (Cavanaugh & Sykes, 2006).
(Cavanagh?) What is this and how does it relate to male and female? Is this from the article about how muscles are masculine therefore should really be on men and we are all afraid of dying? Perhaps i read the wrong article. Isnt this phrase usually used in reference to Connell? Is it used by c and s (2006?)
Within gender policy, it is further assumed that some birth males would be driven to change their gender to participate in women’s sports to reap the benefits of inevitable success. Ironically, the creation of a system that provides a place and protection for girls and women to compete in sport is also the same system that necessitates their competitive inferiority (Wackwitz, 2003)."
Are those two sentences in any way related? How does men changing gender to cheat the system (alleged gender policy) related to hegemonic masculinity? Quite possibly it is related but i dont understand how.
Moving on to wackwitz, who also states
"Sex testing is the means through which the assumption of this binary sex–gender system is both enforced and made visible to observers. The three terms “sex testing”, “gender verification,” and “femininity testing” are used nearly interchangeably by Olympic officials, athletes, and reporters for the popular press. The constellation of these three terms suggests the inseparability of sex from gender and of sex and gender from femininity." (Now thats a point to explore) , that last sentence does seem to be a reasonable account of her article. That quote begins
"These divisions are simultaneously helpful and damaging to those identified as women. They are helpful to women in that these two categories, being consistent with most of the sex–gender systems currently encountered by women across the globe, enable groups of people to compete against others who have suffered under regimes that tend to discourage athleticism among women. Unfortunately, however, this advantage is only advantageous because, for the most part, binary sex–gender systems require that women maintain a lesser status than men—both in and out of competition. " Her view would appear to point more towards all humans competing in the same races?