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Mumsnet has not checked the qualifications of anyone posting here. If you need help urgently or expert advice, please see our domestic violence webguide and/or relationships webguide. Many Mumsnetters experiencing domestic abuse have found this thread helpful: Listen up, everybody

Bad combination of hoarding, delusions of wealth, dangerous housing situation and coercive control (long!)

107 replies

Seashore2018 · 06/04/2021 21:11

I’ve got a very complicated & difficult situation with my MIL and FIL. I’m posting here in case anyone has experienced anything similar and has advice to give. Sorry in advance, it’s long!

MIL and FIL are in their late 70s and 80s and have three sons, one of whom is my DH. All three of the sons are grown with young families of their own. DH and I have lived abroad for some years and, pre-covid, visited every few years.

The heart of the problem is MIL, who has a very bad combination of issues. She is a severe hoarder, to the point where her and FIL’s house became unliveable a few years ago. MIL had a fall and they moved out temporarily while she was recovering, into what was supposed to be temporary accommodation, but it became their permanent base and is now being rented by the week at considerable cost. A combination of many decades of accumulated junk, plus a leaking roof has meant that everything in the house is now covered in mould, vermin are running around, utilities have long been disconnected etc, so no toilet - they were using a bucket Shock. It’s not a place anyone could live in, let alone two elderly people locked in a toxic co-dependent relationship (more on that in a moment). The state of the house is a deep source of shame for MIL, so any attempt to talk to her about it goes nowhere - she just starts screaming hysterically.

Unfortunately, MIL’s hoarding goes along with a delusion that FIL is actually incredibly wealthy and is hiding millions from her, and also has had various mistresses on whom he has lavished his money. According to MIL (who comes from a fairly wealthy family and is addicted to buying absurd lots of gifts from high-end stores to demonstrate both her bounty and her class position Hmm), FIL is loaded and has the ability to buy her the luxury mansion and luxury car that she deserves. Because he won’t do this, she feels justified in making his life a living hell and also letting her own house run into a state of unliveability. (This is a conscious choice on her part - DH has told me various stories, eg. how MIL would make FIL do the family’s laundry when he and his brothers were school-age, and she very deliberately broke the washing machine so he would have to wash the clothes in the bath. So all through his school days, his dad did the family’s laundry in the bath.)

The reality is very far from this. DH, his brothers and I are 100% confident that FIL has never had an affair, does not have millions stashed away and is in fact probably deep in debt from many years of MIL’s performative overspending and complete inability to understand that it makes terrible financial sense to, say, rent a high-end car by the week when you could just buy a more modest secondhand one. As the years have gone on, it’s become increasingly hard to watch his decline: as well as getting frailer, he's gotten progressively thinner and more unkempt. His clothes have become more threadbare and stained, and prior to them moving out of the house you could smell the mould and mustiness on him: it's really not the kind of state a closet millionaire or even someone who was very frugal would allow themselves to get into. It is also very obvious that MIL controls everything he does. This was the norm all through DH’s childhood, and I’ve seen it many times myself: MIL has to have control of the car keys, she controls access to FIL's phone, when she phones DH she will allow FIL only a few short minutes to talk to him and snatches the phone away when she disapproves of what he is saying, etc. Most distressingly of all, FIL seems to have lost the ability to look after himself, including eating enough: his own needs now take second place to MIL's demands, and the need to minimise the abuse he gets from her.

Here's one relatively minor incident that illustrates the difficulty of helping him and stopping her. We were at the the zoo with them and she started ordering him to buy our kids completely unnecessary and ridiculous things from the gift shop, despite our repeated forceful insistence that they didn't need these gifts and that she shouldn't be wasting money on such things. (I'm happy to have grandparents buy our kids treats and presents, but not when I know it'll cause hardship later.) I jumped up and ran after him and told him not to buy the things, and he just said quietly that it was easier to just buy the things than deal with the falllout later. Later that same day she wouldn't let him buy himself anything to eat, and of course we pressed our own snacks on him and got our kids to offer him food (thinking that she wouldn't stoop so low to get angry at small children), but she immediately got angry, jumped in to say no on his behalf, and then he refused anyway because he knew accepting would just mean more abuse later. Shortly afterwards he almost passed out from lack of food. I was absolutely infuriated and got the zoo security people involved (at this point he had to lie down and I was worried he'd need an ambulance to be called, plus she was beginning to get hysterical in front of my kids who are quite young and I didn't want them subjected to her screaming), but he recovered, insisted he was fine and MIL swept them both home.

If you are reading this and thinking ‘This sounds ridiculous: they are adults, why don't they just stop giving in to her?’, it’s because MIL is the most proficient manipulator I have ever met. She controls people with strategic screaming tantrums, and if you're able to stand up to them (as I have, once or twice) then it becomes clear that once you have walked away, she will take out her rage on FIL, so if you continue to cross her then it's him who will suffer. Normally these rages when other people aren’t around, but once I became part of the family I was privy to a few and they are genuinely unbearable - she screams and rants hysterically for literally hours on end and will appear to lose control and put herself in danger (eg. by trying to get out of a car in the middle of the road when stopped at traffic lights). Even if the screaming isn't directed at you, it’s extremely stressful to experience even a few minutes of it. FIL has this all day every day, I suspect, and quite honestly I don’t know how he’s still standing. I don’t even know how she manages it day in day out, as it must be incredibly physically taxing to scream for hours on end, but she does. (When DH was a kid the neighbours occasionally called the police because it got so bad: the police did nothing.)

The obvious solution would be for FIL to leave MIL, but he won’t. It’s a really severe example of coercive control, where he seems to have lost the ability to care for himself or go against her in any way. One of my BILs has rented him a small studio apartment where FIL can go for respite, and he does spend occasional nights there, which is something, but every time he goes away MIL gets even more convinced that he has a mistress somewhere and redoubles her abuse of him when he returns. He seems to feel responsible for her mental health issues and so can’t abandon her (which is an indication both of his integrity, and also of the iron grip she has over him).

In the past decade FIL has had a little bit of money here and there - certainly not in the order MIL thinks, but probably enough to live a modest if frugal retired life. In the past few years, though, it's become clear that his money has completely run out, as he's stopped paying for essential things and has also had to start asking his sons if they can give him money. He obviously finds this very embarrassing but the alternative is getting screamed and shouted at by MIL, so he does it and then passes the money to her (so she thinks it is his, and as he keeps producing money this feeds her delusion that he still has a pile of money stashed somewhere). DH & I would be incredibly happy to give FIL money if we thought he would use it to buy himself food, non-mildewy clothing, and other things to improve his own life, but we know the money won’t be spent on that - he’ll end up giving it to MIL so she can buy herself and others luxuries that should be much further down her priority list than, say, safe and clean accommodation. I think he probably waits until she's screamed herself out and has fallen asleep, and then sneaks into the kitchen to get scraps - he's able to get himself some food but only on her terms.

MIL clearly needs help but will not countenance any suggestion that she has any problems, and will not engage at all with any support we offer. Even a gentle, supportive conversation intended to help her inevitably results, usually within less than a minute, in her hysterical screaming (often the same thing over and over just so she doesn’t hear what we are trying to say) and her repeated insistence that FIL has plenty of money and is hiding it, giving it to his mistress. She hates the idea of taking money from her sons, even though they are all working professionals and in a much better position to fund her than her 80-year-old husband, which is why the money given to FIL which then gets funnelled to her has to be done on the sly. The amount of lies and deception is staggering.

So, that’s the background (and there's plenty more - I’ll give that detail if needed, but I’m trying to keep it as short as possible so as not to put people off reading this).

I’m posting now because after decades of deterioration, things have reached a crisis point. Whatever money was funding MIL & FIL’s stay in the pay-by-the-week expensive apartment hotel seems to have run out, and the hotel is trying to throw them out. MIL has apparently filled one of the rooms with hoarded things already, and has been verbally abusive to the hotel staff, as she eventually is to most people who get in the way of what she wants (she has had multiple restraining orders taken out against her). I suspect one or both of my BILs have been funding the hotel stay (without admitting it to their partners, but that’s another whole thread Angry), but one of them has lost patience with his mother and said he won't pay any longer. I think this is actually a good thing because it may prompt change: the expensive hotel is just a band-aid solution that isn’t at all sustainable long-term. If she and FIL sold their house then they would probably have the money for a modest flat in a retirement complex, where they could get the care they need as they get older, but MIL would consider that far, far beneath her and the luxury house she imagines herself to deserve. Also, she will literally never agree to do anything with FIL - she disagrees with him about the smallest trivial decisions just on principle, so she certainly isn’t going to agree to sell the house they jointly own.

Personally I'm of the opinion that actually this crisis might be something we could take advantage of, so to speak - eg. the hotel gets the police involved and that triggers the involvement of social work and mental health services - but my DH and BILs are very uncomfortable with that (she is their mum after all, even after everything she’s done).

So, I’m posting to see if anyone has a family member or friend who exhibits some combination of these problems. If so, I would love to hear of anything that helped the situation, or even just accounts of how this has played out for other people. If the police or mental health services have become involved, it'd be good to know if that’s been positive or negative. MIL and FIL are not in the UK so I am not as familiar with all the services/laws in their country (coercive control is, for example, unfortunately not illegal there so I don’t know how/whether one could charge MIL with it), but it is an English-speaking country that is very similar to the UK in many ways.

Thank you & sorry that was so long (it was cathartic to type though!)

OP posts:
Sarahlou63 · 06/04/2021 21:28

What a sad story. What's the view of your DH and his brothers? I'm guessing they are in Ireland from your description?

PawsAndReflection · 06/04/2021 21:30

This is so difficult, and it sounds like you really care. It's hard when it's not a direct relative but I genuinely think you're in the right here

Rubytinsleslippers · 06/04/2021 21:44

They need social services to get involved.
It will take a crisis, a fall a hospital admission or similar but the sons need to stop funding them.
The fall out will be horrible but all you can do is support your husband.
This situation is going to get worse and there sounds like no way your MIL will be reasonable in any way.
Get services involved but be prepared that any changes will be seen as someone's fault ( yours ) and plan on how you and your husband can deal with whatever is said.
Get the sons to make a plan together.
Whole situation sounds really stressful and horrible. Good luck.

Seashore2018 · 06/04/2021 21:49

@Sarahlou63

What a sad story. What's the view of your DH and his brothers? I'm guessing they are in Ireland from your description?
Not Ireland, no ... I don't want to be too specific but it's a few timezones away!

One of the problems is that it's very difficult for DH and his brothers to even talk about the problem, let alone come up with a solution. The whole situation, including the state of the house, is hard for them to talk about, and whenever I or either of my SILs have in the past tried to have a conversation about ways ahead we have met with great resistance. And we try to be understanding, but in the meantime FIL gets more and more ground down, and the money that might provide for them in their old age keeps getting frittered away. When I talk with DH I try to be as sensitive as possible to the complex human dynamics and the fact that although MIL comes across as a monster to the many people she's been awful to, she has been a loving mother to her sons, but I think I come across as patronising and pitying. DH (who is, like his own dad, a good and gentle man who is devoted to his kids, and who doesn't like confrontation) has gotten angry at me in the past for, as he articulates it, simplifying a complex situation, being ’solution-focused’, wanting to put his mother in an institution, etc. In part this is because he is very well attuned to his mother’s needs. I veer between being frustrated that DH and his brothers seem to see no point in trying to do anything because MIL has conditioned them so well to thinking she will never change, and between thinking that it's me and my SILs who have it wrong as we are just naive in thinking there is anything any of us can do.

OP posts:
Levithecat · 06/04/2021 21:55

Goodness, there’s so much here it’s hard to know where to start. What a horrible and tricky situation.

I am a lay person but there are a couple of things I wonder - sounds like they wouldn’t sign over lasting power of attorney to any of the sons, but might be worth your DH and brothers speaking with age uk, citizens advice and/or a solicitor.

Domestic abuse in older age is much more common than we realise and financial abuse is very much recognised by charities like women’s aid. I would see support from DV charities too. Age uk will also have advice on this.

If FIL has mental capacity and does not want to leave MIL then there is little you can do other than do your research and get as informed as you can, and be there for him. Have you explicitly said to him you think he’s being abused? Sometimes it’s a relief for someone to hear that - even if he shuts you down he’ll know where you stand. Families are good at maintaining the status quo and enabling abuse. You can’t make him leave but you can treat him as you would any other family member in an abusive relationship and arm yourself with advice and let him know you’re there.

Seashore2018 · 06/04/2021 22:00

@Rubytinsleslippers

They need social services to get involved. It will take a crisis, a fall a hospital admission or similar but the sons need to stop funding them. The fall out will be horrible but all you can do is support your husband. This situation is going to get worse and there sounds like no way your MIL will be reasonable in any way. Get services involved but be prepared that any changes will be seen as someone's fault ( yours ) and plan on how you and your husband can deal with whatever is said. Get the sons to make a plan together. Whole situation sounds really stressful and horrible. Good luck.
See, I agree with all this, and if it were up to me I would do it: bite the bullet, wait for the spectacular fallout, and be there to pick up the pieces and reassemble them differently. But it requires being cruel to be kind, which DH and his brothers just don't seem able to do. Hence asking on here if anyone had had any similar experiences. I can't help but wonder if MIL's brand of manipulative screaming and tantruming is an actual diagnosable condition that, once professionals are involved, might be recognised for what it is, which might mean some treatment which could help her.
OP posts:
Seashore2018 · 06/04/2021 22:08

If FIL has mental capacity and does not want to leave MIL then there
is little you can do other than do your research and get as informed
as you can, and be there for him. Have you explicitly said to him you
think he’s being abused? Sometimes it’s a relief for someone to hear
that - even if he shuts you down he’ll know where you stand.
Families are good at maintaining the status quo and enabling abuse.
You can’t make him leave but you can treat him as you would any
other family member in an abusive relationship and arm yourself
with advice and let him know you’re there.

Thank you @Levithecat, that's helpful. I'm not sure whether his sons have said that to him that he's being abused but I will mention it next time I have a chance. Unfortunately I have very, very few opportunities to talk to him (and won't have another until the travel restrictions lift). MIL is always extremely suspicious of anyone talking to him at a family get-together so she will hover nearby, answer for him or even insert herself physically in between you and him. She has in the past (when I was a good deal younger and fitter Grin) accused him of hitting on me when we were having a perfectly innocent and courteous conversation, so I'm wary of even coming up too close to him lest he gets abuse about that once they are behind closed doors.

OP posts:
Buttonfm · 06/04/2021 22:13

I feel for you OP, and your FIL.
There are so many stories like this on MN but often the man is the one who is the abuser. In this case it's your MIL.
It may be that he never leaves her but maybe you could speak to him, tell him he doesn't have to stay with her, she needs proper psychiatric evaluation and that no-one will blame him if he leaves. Also, that you'll support both him and MIL if they split up.
In the UK there are safeguarding teams for vulnerable adults, can you Google to see if they is an equivalent where they are? He is being starved, that is very serious abuse.
I fear the situation for your FIL is only going to get worse.

Teenytinyvoice · 06/04/2021 22:19

If it were one of my parents, and I had the money, I’d kidnap them. Bring them back to the UK as a dependent, settle them here and sod the controlling and coercive parent. And the enabling brothers. They need to, in a phrase I hate “man up”. Wringing their hands wishing it were different isn’t going to help.

Do you think counselling for your husband would help him process his childhood? And make peace with a next step?

chocpott · 06/04/2021 22:20

They both need help now. Your FIL now has mental health needs just as strongly as your MIL has. Something must be done now before it is too late and one of them is seriously hurt. Be the bad guy, blow the whistle, take the initiative; if it were a child being mentally abused like this, you would not hesitate. It will be messy, difficult and things will change but you will be able to say, with your hand on your heart, that you acted for the correct reasons.

Seashore2018 · 06/04/2021 22:23

@Teenytinyvoice

If it were one of my parents, and I had the money, I’d kidnap them. Bring them back to the UK as a dependent, settle them here and sod the controlling and coercive parent. And the enabling brothers. They need to, in a phrase I hate “man up”. Wringing their hands wishing it were different isn’t going to help.

Do you think counselling for your husband would help him process his childhood? And make peace with a next step?

Funny you mention this ... I half-jokingly suggested to DH recently that we or one of his brothers should ‘kidnap' FIL, so he could stay with one of his sons for however long it would take to give him a chance to get his head free of MIL’s coercion, but DH was horrified: “he’s an adult, we can’t do that”.

And yes, I've suggested therapy to him a number of times, and though he's not someone who gets angry easily, he gets angry and defensive at the suggestion Sad

OP posts:
MissPessyMistic · 06/04/2021 22:26

This was such a hard read. No two families are alike, so I can’t really put myself in your shoes, but if this were my parents I would have to get social services involved despite the fall out. Though I love them both dearly I can’t see one parent being starved and tortured by the other, even if it meant one of them never speaking to me again. At the very least I would have the knowledge that they were now safe. I wouldn’t want either of my parents to spend their remaining time on this earth in such misery.

That of course offers you no help whatsoever, I wish I had something constructive to add. I’m sure all of these things have been done, but have you and all your family (minus MIL and FIL) sat down for a real hard talk about it? I’m sure they are of the same mind that it can’t go on, but they do need to consider alternatives. Of course it’s upsetting to think of getting mental health teams or social workers involved, but do they really want their dad living his days like this?

I wish you well OP, I’m sure you will get some brilliant advice, but in the meantime please accept a big hug from me for looking out for your in laws.

goldielockdown2 · 06/04/2021 22:28

This is heartbreaking. I can't believe this elderly man has been reduced to foraging for scraps whilst his abuser sleeps and the sons aren't doing anything. The woman should be behind bars. I would report to the police personally. Fuck the 'good mother' nonsense.

tortoiselover100 · 06/04/2021 22:33

Honestly, just phone social services and explain the situation, why are none of you acting like responsible adults? Someone vulnerable is being abused and you all enable it by looking the other way. If you're not part of the solution, you are part of the problem. That poor man has been failed by his entire family.

RandomMess · 06/04/2021 22:35

If they are in the UK then you would report the situation to social services now and explain FIL is very vulnerable and subject to coercive control and then keep reporting to SS until they rescue you most likely against his wishes because he no longer seems to have full capacity to ensure his basic needs are met.

Goleor · 06/04/2021 22:41

Personally I'd be calling adult social services and damn what my husband wishes. I'd seriously be asking how my husband can stand by and allow this abuse, I understand it's their mother but surely him and his brothers cannot be that blind to see what is going on. They all need to take their head out of the sand here. I feel so sorry for you, I cant imagine how helpless you feel

TheABC · 06/04/2021 22:42

Social services or FiL's doctor. I can't believe you DH is happy to watch his father starve.

mrwalkensir · 06/04/2021 22:43

We've had similar, but unless they're visibly abused, it's very hard for social services to prove anything. Unless all three sons form a wall, they'll be unlikely to get anywhere...

LouLou198 · 06/04/2021 22:44

Such a sad story and difficult to read, if I was you I would just want to go and rescue Fil! This to me screams like abuse, and I would be reporting to social services. You can do this anonymously in the UK but I'm not sure as to where you area. Mil also needs a mental health assessment in my opinion.

Wriggleout · 06/04/2021 22:44

This is so difficult and complicated by the fact they are not in the UK. I think you need some sort of professional intervention, however that may happen. My grandmother had mental health problems all her life, including suicide attempts in her twenties when my Dad was young. She was extremely suspicious of the 'men in white coats' and often talked about her fear of them carrying her off. That was probably a very real fear in the 1950s when mental health was treated in asylums. She was incredibly difficult to deal with and completely irrational. It took a crisis. She was found one night wandering along the road in her nightie and then sectioned. I suspect this may happen to either you MIL or FIL probably sooner than you think. Their position sounds very vulnerable

CrumbsThatsQuick · 06/04/2021 22:47

Agree, social services, referral to adult safeguarding team. Verbal abuse. Coercive control. Financial abuse. Neglect / self neglect. Hoarding. Environmental Health issues (using bucket for toilet). All referrable matters individually. And everyone is standing by, too scared to act. Poor man.

Seashore2018 · 06/04/2021 22:53

Thanks to those who have been kind and empathetic. For the suggestion for reporting to social services, I would know who to report to in the UK but am less sure about which service is the right one to go to in their home country. I have googled and looked at government websites, of course, but it's been less helpful than I thought and also because the situation involves elder abuse and mental health issues and housing issues it's unclear which service is best.

As for the police, again I would do this if they were my parents. Last time we were visiting their country - and on the heels of the awful zoo incident - I did actually ring one of the services that I thought might be the right one, and spoke to a social worker who had some mental health training. She was very sympathetic but she explained that she'd need to talk to my FIL himself - as as DIL I can flag concerns but he'd need to be the one to engage, unless either his or her mental health difficulties were so severe that either one of them needed to be sectioned immediately (and while my MIL can appear to lose control with her hysterical tantrums, she's extremely savvy about when she has them - if she thought she was in danger of being sectioned she'd immediately turn on the tears and the 'my husband's an alcoholic and is financially abusing me' act that I've seen fool people until they get to know her). So, as far as I was able to ascertain, given the specifics of their situation back a few years ago (which wasn't as severe as it is now), social services wouldn't have been able to swoop in and pick him up and carry him to safety: he'd have to voluntarily engage in the process and if he thought that would result in any bad consequences for MIL, I doubt very much he'd be able to do it.

As for the police, I also went into a police station following the zoo incident to see what they would or could do, and had a very dispiriting response. The officer heard me out, looked at me like I was mad and said ‘he’s a grown man, he can just take the food he needs or he can walk away. If he can’t walk away, there’s nothing we can do.’ There was a total lack of understanding about how coercive control worked - as I said in my original post, it's not illegal there, and there's no Mumsnet for people to find out that the terrible situation they're in is neither normal nor acceptable. I fear that what would happen if the police were called is that my master manipulator of a MIL would at the very least convince the attending officers that it was she who was being abused. The two conversations convinced me that of the two services, the mental health/social services option was by far the more humane one to put them both through - and as I've explained above, there's a limit to what I as a DIL could achieve by reporting to social services.

(Sorry if this is a drip-feed -- as I said earlier, there were more details, and there are still more ...)

OP posts:
Eloradannin2nd · 06/04/2021 23:00

I'm a community nurse and we often find families in crisis when we are called in eg to check wounds etc following a fall and visit to the GP or A&E.
We then can get the wheels in motion to get things moving and involve social workers etc. However, if your FIL is deemed to have mental capacity, and states that all is well, there is not much anyone can do against his will.
It's heartbreaking going into homes where things like this are happening, and our hands are tied.
I suggest contacting their GP who can refer to a social worker, to assess care needs.
However, it sounds like your FILs best chance would be to get away from your MIL altogether. You could see about getting him respite in a residential home if his personal care is deteriorating. The respite could possibly become permanent.
I really hope you get them the help they need. It really sounds like their sons need to wake up to what's happening before it's too late.

TedMullins · 06/04/2021 23:05

Jesus Christ I’m furious reading this (not at you, OP, I have many sympathies with you) but at your weak enabling DH and his brothers. My dad exhibited some abusive tendencies growing up, nothing anywhere near the severity of this, but enough that as soon as I became fully aware of the toxic nature of some of his behaviours as an adult, I told my mum exactly how I felt and encouraged her to leave. She didn’t, but that’s another story. If he’d been doing even half the things hour MIL is doing to FIL I’d have had him sectioned myself years ago. I honestly cannot understand how people can stand by and watch this happen - I know it’s because they want to pretend the problem isn’t as severe as it is, and that denial is more comfortable than facing reality but there comes a point that you can’t kid yourself anymore. If I were you I’d call social services myself and stick by my actions, weathering the fallout will be tough but it has to be done. Personally I’d be prepared to leave a relationship over this but as you have kids I know it isn’t that easy. And your husband needs therapy, like, yesterday.

Seashore2018 · 06/04/2021 23:08

@TheABC

Social services or FiL's doctor. I can't believe you DH is happy to watch his father starve.
He isn't happy about it at all. I think the best description of how he and his brother have responded to the hellish situation with their parents is that they are paralysed by it. I am not paralysed by it, but I'm really not in a position to step in and override what DH and his brothers want to do. Not only am I not in the country and have no prospect of being in the country for probably at least the next few months, but I haven't been involved in things like organising the flat for FIL so it's difficult for me (with or without DH) to start laying down the law to my BILs. Moreover, it seems to me that having a plan in place (eg. if we decide collectively to report to a particular service, to report to the police etc) is important so that events don't just unfurl without our being able to control, say, whether FIL is taken off to a mental health facility when what he needs is the peace and calm of his own flat knowing that MIL can't get to him. The shock and awe of a police or social services visit may well be needed, but what will happen after that? That's why I'm posting to find out if anyone has experienced anything similar, so I can start to game out the possibilities of reporting to one place vs. another, taking a different course of action, etc. I'm extremely limited in what I can do from the UK in a pandemic, but gathering information is something I can do, so I'm doing it.
OP posts:
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