I confess I haven't read the whole of this thread as it makes me too cross that people remain ignorant and uninformed, yet so judgemental, about this issue.
So…some proper evidence in no particular order
- Alcohol (within normal drinking guidelines) does not cause harm during BREASTFEEDING (and to answer a previous poster, it IS better to breastfeed and consume low-moderate amounts of alcohol than it is to formula feed)
Ref: Alcohol and Breastfeeding. Haastrup MB, Pottegård A, Damkier P.
Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013 Oct 7. (PMID: 24118767)
A choice quote: "The amount of alcohol presented to nursing infants through breastmilk is approximately 5-6% of the weight-adjusted maternal dose, and even in a theoretical case of binge drinking, the children would not be subjected to clinically relevant amounts of alcohol"
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As has been stated, the research done on alcohol in pregnancy is always going to be dodgy as there could never be double blinded randomised controlled trials, so it is mostly observational studies, and open to multiple confounding factors. The main one being that educated, higher social class women are more likely to drink small amounts during pregnancy (interesting in itself).
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The largest study I am aware of (>90,000 women) did show an increased risk of miscarriage / foetal death in those women who consumed more than 2 glasses of wine per week in the first trimester. It did not affect the risk of foetal death in later trimesters. 1 - 1.5 glasses of wine per week did NOT show any increased risk (there was a dose-response with increasing levels of alcohol).
Ref: Moderate alcohol intake during pregnancy and risk of fetal death.
Andersen AM, Andersen PK, Olsen J, Grønbæk M, Strandberg-Larsen K.
Int J Epidemiol. 2012 Apr;41(2):405-13. (PMID: 22253313)
However, all this can show is an association and NOT cause, as this interesting comment highlights:
Ref: Re: Moderate alcohol intake during pregnancy and risk of fetal death. Savitz DA. Int J Epidemiol. 2012 Dec;41(6):1847 (PMID: 23064503)
- Although this is a bit old now, this systematic review of 46 different research articles did not show any evidence of risk associated with low to moderate drinking, and in fact highlights better foetal outcomes for those who drank small quantities of alcohol than abstainers (again, this is may be due to confounding factors - healthier women of higher social class would be more likely to be the light drinkers - rather than true causation. As it is a systematic review it looks at all the evidence, rather than one particular study, so is far more powerful.
Ref: Henderson J, Gray R, Brocklehurst P. Systematic review of the effects of low-moderate prenatal alcohol exposure on pregnancy outcome. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2007;114(3):243-52.
It remains a controversial topic, and there are certainly some studies that do show increased risk of behavioural issues etc with moderate drinking (rather than light drinking), but the methodologies are often questionable and the outcomes not consistent. Unlike smoking, which is unequivocally harmful.
Importantly, proving 'no harm' at particular levels is how all drugs / chemicals in foodstuffs etc are licensed, so if you're taking the "I won't drink because high levels of alcohol cause harm, so low levels might too" philosophy I hope you are staying away from all medications, processed foods, traffic fumes, preservatives, oily fish etc as they are controlled in exactly this way. They just have less Daily Mail judgements attached.
(I liked the Scuba Diving / Swimming analogy BTW)
There is certainly no evidence to say that a glass of wine at Christmas could POSSIBLY do anyone any harm.
So Cheers! Enjoy your Christmas