stopfaffing Talking of hiding trading losses, I don't know if you followed the 'Enron' tragicomedy, but there are many alarming parallels between it and publicly traded 'MLM' racket front-companies, like 'Herbalife.'
Essentially the following original analysis (which was openly-published under my copyright several years ago) also applies to privately-held 'MLM' companies, like 'FLP' and 'Amway'.
Furthermore, no one has ever offered the slightest challenge to the validity of this analysis, because self-evidently, its irrefutable .
In brief, the bosses of 'Enron' who (although publicly shamed and jailed for securities fraud, etc.) were mysteriously never charged with racketeering, pumped the value of their company's share price, by off-loading chronic, and massive, trading losses onto a corporate labyrinth comprising more than 1500 apparently 'independent' companies which they had maliciously created, and which didn't appear in the main company's accounts.
The bosses of the 'Enron' racket hid in plain sight and were enthusiastically assisted by an army of amoral, and greedy, attorneys, accountants, bankers, politicians, former regulators, financial journalists, stock analysts, etc., who had all had their snouts in the stinking trough.
In this way, 'Enron' itself appeared to be consistantly generating massive, and growing, profits when, in reality, it was sinking in an ocean of rising debts. When the 'Enron' racketeers could no longer maintain their monopoly of information, they dumped their own effectively-valueless shares at the inflated price, before the whole illusion collapsed and agents of the FBI, SEC, etc., finally strolled in.
In the 'Herbalife' racket, chronic, and massive, trading losses have been off-loaded onto a labyrinth comprising millions of apparently 'Independent Business Owners.' These losses have never appeared in 'Herbalife's' own accounts. Thus, the main 'Herbalife' company has been given the appearance of consistantly generating massive, and growing, profits (and its share value pumped) when, in reality, it too has been sinking in an ocean of rising debts. For if ever reason and the rule of law prevailed, the bosses of 'Herbalife' front company held fully to account and obliged to pay back all the millions individuals they have cheated: their strangely-familiar tragicomic corporate illusion would also be revealed as being less than worthless.
It almost goes without saying that the bosses of the 'Herbalife' racket have hid in plain sight and have been enthusiastically assisted by an army of amoral, and greedy, attorneys, accountants, bankers, politicians, former regulators, financial journalists, stock analysts, etc., who have all had their snouts in the stinking trough.
The 'Herbalife' racket makes the 'Enron' racket look almost simple and straightforward, but its only one part of an ongoing criminogenic phenomenon of historic significance.