Do you apply for 'next step' jobs in other organisations? In the scenario you describe, wouldn't that be the best way to move forwards? That or setting up your own company?
People at the new firm won't have had a chance to become irritated by you / start to bully you before you're appointed and your current bosses would surely be happy to write an excellent reference for someone who is undeniably skilled at what they do but whom they find irritating / threatening, in order to get rid of you.
From my own experience and in general terms, I find the expectation of internal promotion unrealistic. Some people are fortunate to be able to progress, sometimes rapidly, within one organisation. But there are only so many senior positions to move into and always an element of luck, good timing and/or politics determining who gets them. Other people have to leave to progress, or else they get stuck at one level forever.
I have found some organisations and people within them very limiting, in that they view people solely in terms of the job they currently doing, don't have the resources or inclination to develop their staff, sometimes rely on people's deep knowledge of their current role to keep things going , so commonly overlook or actively hold back capable people in their midst, even those with real skills they are not currently being given the opportunity to demonstrate, in favour of external candidates. This is especially so if the organisation has been starved of resources or otherwise feels a bit down on itself overall. External candidates appear so much shinier and more dynamic, even if their skills are actually average and not all that well matched to the need.
The way to get ahead, if any of that might possibly apply (and I cannot think of an organisation with a structure so flat that there aren't more junior roles than roles at the next level) is to hop between organisations, moving upwards with each move, or at least diagonally sideways and upwards in a way that allows you to broaden your experience. I have seen people, who would never have gained rapid promotion internally, hop around and come back to the same organisation at a much more senior level because now they are regarded as a shiny, dynamic external candidate bringing new knowledge.
Back to you. It strikes me that you talk about your superior skills and abilities - which cannot have been tested, as you are not working at the level of the bosses you criticise - and that this is unrealistic and naive in any context. To summarise colloquially, book smarts only take you so far and alone, make you a skilled technician. You need street smarts - political nous - to get anywhere in management. That could be about the way you interact with people, prioritise work, present your work and ideas, schmooze the right people or fail to - all sorts of things that combine to create an image of you in the eyes of others. You may talk the talk but you cannot know for certain if you are actually able to walk the walk until you're faced with all the responsibilities that come with doing so. Skills are not experience.
All this is employment advice though. You posted in mental health. If you suspect you may have a mental illness or personality disorder and wish to explore that, then your reasons for thinking that, rather than your employment history, should be the focus of your post. (Having read the thread about crap CVs, you come across in this context, exactly like someone who instead of focusing on the relevant skills for the job - the topic of mental health and their relationship with that - has submitted a chronological CV making no links to the topic at hand).