I'd say that no, you owe them nothing up until adulthood. But after that, it's a relationship between two adults and if you take from them you owe them in return.
Me and my Dad don't have a great relationship. Yeah, he provided for us financially growing up, but he was never really interested as a parent, and had a string of affairs and generally treated my Mum like crap. As a result we don't have a great relationship as adults. We go out for a few pints once a month or so, but that's it. I don't go to him with my problems, he doesn't come to me with his, and there's no chance I'm going to be looking after him in his old age. The lack of a decent relationship annoys him, he thinks he's owed better, but he never put the work in to deserve that.
My Mum on the other hand was a fantastic parent, and I don't feel I owe her anything for that up until I reached adulthood. If you're going to have a kid, then fantastic parent should be the minimum standard you hold yourself to really.
But then I became an adult, and she continued to be a fantastic parent. She offered support of all kinds, emotional, practical, financial. She paid for holidays when we couldn't, did childcare because she wanted to, offered advice when it was requested and (largely) kept her nose out when it wasn't wanted.
I tried to be a fantastic son in return, but never had a chance to really repay her. I didn't have the money, the time at that age, and I'll never get the chance to look after her in her doddering old age, because she died in her late 50s.
I would have though, because I did owe her. Not for my childhood, but for everything she did afterwards.