I’d point out, before you get caught up in les mis emotions, that there was neither a welfare system or medical aid system, or pensions, or pretty much anything else in France during the 1860s. Hugo wrote the novel, in part to drive change.
despite all the flaws, and there are many, we do have a national health service and benefit service and state pensions.
the reasons for homelessness today in uk, are complex. Whilst it is driven by poverty, that poverty is also more likely to be an effect of other circumstances that also drive the homelessness.
Housing shortages, delays in benefits, sudden job losses, lack of parenteral support etc. all these drive , more typically, temporary homelessness.
There is also addiction- not just drugs, alcohol but any addictions- but I see the only solution to this is to address as a form of mental illness.
as I said in my previous response, homelessness is also driven by other mental illnesses: people with psychotic illness, bipolar, and the other “severe and enduring” mental illnessness which are not being supported adequately in the current systems and funding. There are routes out of homelessness, and a lot of very good charities working to try to get people back into “mainstream” society with a “home” and financial income. But there is a cohort of homeless people whose lives are so chaotic as a result of mental illnesses that they simply drop out of this support, they end up self medicating on drugs or alcohol (and that can be as simply as paranoia making them believe the medics are trying to use drugs to control them, or because many of the drugs, particularly antipsychotics , have pretty significant side effects which, frankly you can’t blame them form not taking. Compliance with medication is very low amongst anyone with severe and enduring mental illness, let alone if they’re homeless.). Research shows, it is not only homelessness levels being affected by poor support with mental illness, but even the rates of offending and custodial sentences. 45% have severe depressive illness, 60% have had a traumatic brain injury fgs, etc. the stats are appalling
I doubt, in Victor Hugo’s days that 19th centrum France was any better at serving it’s mentally ill than today. Despite todays flaws, I think we are in a better place than 19th century mental asylums, poor houses, debtor prisons and the like.
we HAVE made progress. We still have massive progress to make. No one gets hung, deleted or given life of hard labour in Europe for stealing a loaf of bread anymore and a first offence would not usually be a custodial sentence