@Chocolatelove
Here's a quote from Her Majestys Inspectorate of Constabulary commissioned literature review into Police Corruption and Integrity in 2015 and why the notion of 'bad apples' is damaging when applied to the Police Force as the "history of Policing has too many examples of institutionalised corruption for this 'explanation' to carry much credence"
"‘Bad apples’
When corruption is uncovered there is a tendency within organisations, including
the police service, to suggest or imply that the problem is one that is confined to
a few rogue members or ‘bad apples’. This canard can be dealt with quickly.
First, whilst it is perfectly possible, on occasion, for an individual, or a small
number of individuals, to engage in highly unethical conduct, the history of
policing has too many examples of institutionalised corruption for this
‘explanation’ to carry much credence. Moreover, the notion of ‘bad apples’ has a
number of far-reaching and potentially damaging implications. First, it narrows
the scope of attention, often directing concern away from others – often those in
positions of power and authority – whose conduct also ought to be subject to
critical scrutiny. Second, it implies that, barring the individual ‘bad apples’,
everything in the organisation is otherwise sound. This is rarely the case. Third,
and linked to this earlier point, the very notion of ‘bad apples’ implies little is
required other than the investigation and punishment of these individuals.
Punishment, often severe, of a small number of individuals therefore becomes
the default response to a corruption scandal.
Such a response is flawed in at least two ways. It is informed by general
deterrence theory, and assumes that such punishments will ‘send out a
message’ to other officers about expected standards of conduct. This may have
some substance but the evidence for any deterrent effect is not strong (Tonry,
2008). Worse still, as suggested, such an approach fails to identify all those
likely to be implicated in the ‘wrongdoing’ (often failing to hold supervisors or
managers to account for example) and also fails to confront the structural
problems or issues that tend to underpin the misconduct at the centre of the
scandal. Indeed, there is little that could be more damaging to the health of the
police service than recourse to a ‘bad apples’ explanation in response to
corruption. As the American reformist Commissioner, Patrick V Murphy, once
put it: “The task of corruption control is to examine the barrel, not just the apples
– the organization, not just the individuals in it – because corrupt police are
made, not born.” (quoted in Barker and Carter, 1986: 10). "