Bottom line: hitting children 'works' because it causes pain and/or fear and/or humiliation
Sometimes that is necessary to suppress a bad behaviour.
If the behaviour is more rewarding than the consequence then it is likely to be repeated.
Example, why don’t most people opt to rob the bank?
Or murder their worst enemy?
Or have an affair with their crush?
Social conditioning and what we are taught to perceive as right and wrong will play a role but IMO it’s mostly because they are frightened of the consequences.
Losing their freedom, financial stability, their friends and family etc.
If the consequences were not there I think a lot of people who ordinarily would have been discouraged from socially unacceptable (but personally rewarding) behaviour would be found engaging in that behaviour.
The threat of punishment is ultimately what forces them to behave themselves.
If it didn't cause the child to feel at least one of those things, people wouldn't do it. People hit their children because they want the child to experience those feelings
I can 100% say when I (rarely) hit one of my children I am never thinking I want you to suffer, feel humiliated, feel pain etc.
If I feel something can be resolved without smacking I will absolutely do that instead.
I certainly don’t think parents should be using smacking as a first form of discipline.
I mostly use time outs, confiscation, I talk, sometimes shout.
But sometimes a smack is the most effective way of getting the message through.
In an otherwise stable and loving unit, it is not abusive.
Obviously beatings and constantly smacking and intimidating is.
But that isn’t how most parents who smack operate.