I will agree with part of your post; I would welcome a scheme where in order to be allowed to get a dog you have to go through stages.
Stage 1: some theory lessons before you get the dog (e.g. choosing the right breed for your family, how to identify good / bad breeders, dog body language, fundamentals of positive reinforcement training, importance of diet and exercise, etc.
Stage 2: get the dog
Stage 3: practical sessions, tailored towards the age and needs of the dog. This would be anything from standard puppy classes for young pups, to modified versions for adult rescues, through to 1-2-1 behaviourist sessions for rescue dogs with behaviour issues.
The size of the property is a red herring; it is entirely possible to be a crap, lazy dog owner on acres of land. It's also possible to be a particularly assiduous dog owner in a flat. In many ways I'm quite surprised at how little of the house my dog actually uses; there are 9 rooms + the hallway, and he spends 95% of his time in 2 rooms + the garden. Your system also seems to ignore the reality that people do move house, and many good owners make it work in less than ideal circumstances.
As for the pricing of the dog licence, I think you're conflating the "'right' kind of people" with those who have money.
The ability to spend £££ means absolutely nothing when it comes to properly caring for an animal. You'd be better off requiring compulsory insurance for all dogs - especially third party liability insurance.