The situation here in the UK is the result of over 30 years of Breed Specific Legislation.
The banning of four breeds (three of which we did not have here at the time) told a certain demographic very clearly 'this is the type of dog to own if you want to intimidate people, protect yourself, give yourself a name as someone dangerous...'
The more widespread seizing of dogs was the more those people turned to the already existing trend for other large bullbreed mixes, because you could own those without any fear of them being taken - they did not fit the strict measurements DEFRA concocted for a 'pitbull type'.
So for 30+ years, some people have been perfecting a type of dog that is huge, has a stupidly high pain threshold, is easily frustrated and so reaches high arousal VERY quickly...
Alongside that they've selected for dogs willing to show aggression quickly (in the natural world, aggression means behaviours you'd use to increase distance, stop a situation, avoid actual violence, and you'd use them last because they're 'expensive' ie could cause injury and death) and dogs with highly predatory behaviour (predation is not aggression, predation is the desire to stalk, chase, grab, kill, and consume, a behaviour sequence we have adapted and altered in many breeds to suit our own ends).
And then add in no understanding of dog behaviour, training and socialisation that is poor if it exists at all, dogs punished heavily for communicating such that they learn to go straight to a bite without bothering to growl, dogs who've learned that fighting produces a huge adrenaline rush and are as such, danger junkies...
The solution is not banning more breeds/types - if it were, we wouldn't be where we are now. We've got 30+ years of evidence that that doesn't work.
Here are my 'red flags' for spotting a potentially dangerous dog/owner combination, they're what I would mentally run through when entering someones home for a dog behaviour consult, or assessing a dog in rescue (I used to assess seized dogs and general rescue dogs). (In no particular order, it is the combination of these things thats really key!)
- Size of the dog - does it out weigh me/handler
- Equipment on the dog - is it aversive, designed to cause pain
- Handling of the dog - is the handler/owner using punishment to suppress behaviour (shouting 'no', hitting, shocking, jerking a collar etc)
- Language of the owner - mention of 'alpha' or 'he knows who is boss' or 'dominance'
- Dogs body language - are they quiet and stiff, super aroused and over threshold, staring intently and stiff, lip curling, staring and freezing, obviously snarling/growling - which bits does the owner notice...
- Are the dogs needs being met - walks, training, play, socialisation
- Is the environment calm and safe for the dog or stressful and dangerous?
- Is the dog with children regularly
- Are children permitted to climb all over the dog and the dog expected to tolerate this?
- Is the dog owned/handled/kept by people who routinely get drunk or use drugs
- Where did the dog come from (breeder, rescue, bought in a pub or free ads etc)
- Does the owner want the dog as a guard dog or to provide personal protection
For parents who are not dog people - follow your instincts and I'd look out for the following:
- Kids making new friends particularly in secondary school - find out if friend has a dog at home before allowing your child to visit.
- Know the dogs your child has access to - meet them, or no access!
- If you have ANY doubts about the safety of the dog - don't let your kid be near that dog at all - better to offend someone by asking that they visit at your house without the dog than risk injury/death of anyone.
- DO NOT rely on people complying with rules - people say they will put the dog away then let the dog out, people will open doors they're told not to open. Management fails.