Bear with me on the ONS thing
But in the meantime, oooh this is interesting.
This recent study from Stanford University (5th January) has found no significant benefit to what they're calling 'more restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions' (lockdowns/stay-at-home orders and enforced business closures) in terms of reducing case growth, over and above 'less restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions' i.e. the approaches taken by Sweden and South Korea.
The conclusion reads as follows:
While small benefits cannot be excluded, we do not find significant benefits on case growth of more restrictive NPIs. Similar reductions in case growth may be achievable with less restrictive interventions.
In the framework of this analysis, there is no evidence that more restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions (“lockdowns”) contributed substantially to bending the curve of new cases in England, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, or the United States in early 2020.
It's quite dense academic language but well worth reading the full report, it's very interesting.