@Bingpot
Hi OP, thank you for answering all these questions. Could I ask you to comment on something that's always troubled me? What do you think of the fact that as a non Muslim I'm not welcome at the holiest Muslim sites (Mecca, Al-Aqsa) but you would have no trouble visiting the Vatican or the Western Wall? I've always thought it a bit unpleasant. Shouldn't Muslim holy sites be open for all to visit and learn from?
The holy sites are there for people to worship in and a way to bring them closer to God. Even Muslims that attend these Muslim sites, have restrictions they must abide by, so that their sole purpose for being there is to worship God. Everytime we enter Mecca for example, we have to go in a state of ihram, which means we have to spend around a day solely worshipping God (So those not serious about worshipping God, don't go to the holy sites). Therefore, it is against this back drop that God said as it is only a place to worship God, only Muslims who want to worship can attend. It is NOT to make others non-welcome.
As a young teen, I always wished my non-Muslim friends were able to attend the holy sites, as I thought they would all convert to Islam :) As there is something really really special about the place. However, as an adult. I am seeing the sites becoming more and more like holiday destinations, with people constantly taking selfies etc and I am glad it is restricted to people who are serious about worshipping.
On a practical level, it is so so unbelievably busy and packed, that opening the doors to non-Muslims would be a serious safety hazard. If you google some pictures of 'makkah haram', have a look, it can be completely mad!
Also, I've got a maybe more difficult question - and please, I'm truly not trying to offend, it's out of genuine curiosity and I ask as you mention you've studied Islam for a decade. Why is Jerusalem considered so holy for Muslims when it is not mentioned (as I understand) by name in the Qu'ran? I've always thought that a bit odd. I mean, how can you know that the Al-Aqsa mosque is truly the one in Jerusalem?
Not an offensive question at all! :) It is mentioned by name in the Qur'an:
{Exalted is He Who took His Servant by night from al-Masjid al-Haraam to al-Masjid al-Aqsa, whose surroundings We have blessed, to show him of Our signs. Indeed, He is the Hearing, the Seeing.} [Quran 17:1]
We know it is the one in Jerusalem, because this is mentioned by the Prophet and his companions, and also in the Quran it is referenced to when talking about Prophet-King David, and after him his son Prophet-King Solomon’s great kingdom (mentioned in many chapters including Al-Anbiyaa, An-Naml, Saba and Saad). Surah Al-Isra also mentions the two destructions of the Temple. These also corroborates with reports from Christianity and Judaism.