I think it’s more complex than ‘just’ testosterone or ‘just’ socialisation.
What I see is a complex mix of biology and society, creating feedback loops that reinforce or reduce existing behaviour patterns in the individual.
And then on top of that, the tone of society as a whole acts to modulate what is and is not acceptable. And the law reacts - often in an inadequate manner, which sets the tone further.
That last level - the way society and the law condones or frowns on behaviour sets is very important. Because I think that is the level that really makes a substantial difference to women’s lives and I think that’s whats changed over the past twenty or so years. In a climate where violence is glamourised in media and pop culture and crucially, NOT punished adequately by the courts, savaged in the media or condemned by society, those individuals get bolder.
The rise of the web as way of connecting people who would otherwise have held an ideology alone is also important.
The media for example: the first DM headline I saw on the news stands was along the lines of ‘man does awful thing, kills ten, in rampage sparked by rejection by woman. as if she was to blame.
The courts for example: a woman in a trial near us had her case dismissed. Her husband had beaten her and financially abused her over a period of years. Apparently she should have ‘asked his family to stop him as that was the cultural norm.’
When attitudes like that prevail, it isn’t trivial. It sets the tone, the framework through which society perceived violence and the value of women and girls.
This is not a problem that can be solved on one level. The current trend for blaming women for everything and glamourising violence, in the media, in porn, in pop culture, has to change. If we can create a legal system that actually punishes violent men properly, a media that calls the problem out and examines it WITHOUT all the NAMALTing bollocks we’ve seen on this thread, and reign in the accessibility of abusince porn, we might stand a chance of getting somewhere.