Just catching up on the last few posts re crates.
IMHO all dogs need a safe space they can retreat to, where they know the humans won't bother them. For my dog, that happens to be his bed under my own bedframe where not even the hoover goes. For other dogs, that might be a crate, where all the humans know and agree not to bother the dog.
However, when there's a door on the crate that shuts, it's a cage. It's no longer the dog's choice to be in there when there's a shut door. It's not a safe space at that point, it's a prison cell.
Now, there will be some situations where shutting the door might be appropriate for a short period of time (e.g. overtired bitey puppy who needs an enforced nap, or a dog that can't cope with visitors being shut away while a tradesman comes around) but there's far too many people that cage their dog during the day while they're out at work (often because of separation-related destructiveness) and then again overnight.
Some of the dog crates / cages on the market are so small that I have quite literally owned bigger hamster cages.
DDog does very well with a safe space but no crate / cage; he can roam almost anywhere he likes in the house 24/7. My grandparents raised generations of mild mannered dogs with not a crate/cage in sight. Indeed, they would have been horrified if they knew what people do with them nowadays.