Dog collar with black box

[ALickAndAPromise]

I saw a dog with a black collar which had a cigarette-packet-sized black box attached. What might this be for? TIA

Tracking system? So you know where he goes and can find if lost.

Possibly an electric shock collar, or one that sprays air/citronella. Neither are very nice

Could it be one of those things where the owner has a buried perimeter fence at home and the dog is trained to stay inside it? I think they get a warning buzz if they get near, and a tiny shock if they cross it

Probably a shock collar - dog does something the owner doesn't like, dog gets zapped via remote control

The theory is the dog associated the shock with the behaviour and doesn't do it again but doesn't associate the owner with the punishment as the owner is nowhere near

Horrible things - should be banned

noits along with those invisible fences that shock.

It's a bulldog in a neighbouring, urban yard so unlikely to be a perimeter fence thing. I'd feared it might have been a shock-type device

Poor thing

Likely to be any of the above or could be a vibrating box for a deaf dog.